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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2024).
Legal Challenges of AI and Security.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2024).
Social Media and Human Rights: Is the Rule of Law Failing?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2024).
Low-Risk AI and the AI Act.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2023).
EU Legislative Initiatives on Data Sharing.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew & Davis, Peter Alexander Earls
(2023).
Fairness in EU Law: GDPR, DMA, DSA, AIA.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2023).
Norges handlingsrom i møte med overfloden av tek-relaterte reguleringer i EU.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2023).
Core Principles of the General Data Protection Regulation in Light of Artificial Intelligence.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2023).
Regulatoriske utfordringer knyttet til manglende ansvarlighet ved tverrnasjonale private styringsformer for internett-baserte tjenester.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2023).
Utfordringer knyttet til EUs datalovgivning.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Cognitive Sovereignty, Machine Learning and Data Protection Rights.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
The Design Turn in Law: A Sensible Answer to Regulatory Failure?
Show summary
In recent years, the concept of design has become increasingly prominent in law and public policy discourse. This trend is particularly pronounced in European legislative instruments which flag various 'by design' mantras, including 'data protection by design', 'privacy by design' and 'security by design". In Australia, we see regulatory agencies flagging similar mantras, such as 'safety by design' and 'open by design'. However, authoritative guidance on the meaning and weight of these norms remains scant, and critical legal scholarship on point is still in its infancy. What are the catalysts of the design turn in law? What is its agenda? Is it just a passing fad or a more permanent development?
These are some of the questions that the lecture seeks to answer. It pays special attention to the new European rules on 'security by design' which, in the wake of the Optus data breach, ought to have a heightened resonance in Australia. The central argument advanced in the lecture is that the design turn is an intuitively sensible response to the frequent failure of 'law in books' to gain widespread practical traction, particularly in technology development. Yet, the rollout of design-focused rules in law and public policy discourse ought not to be regarded as a 'silver bullet' solution to regulatory failure: real-world design processes are complicated and frequently dogged by conflict and poor communication between the involved actors. These challenges ought to be kept in mind when law makers and others invoke 'by design' mantras.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
What is a 'legimate interest' for processing personal data pursuant to Article 6(1)(f) GDPR?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Google, Amazon, Facebook ... Har personvernet på nettet en sjanse?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
The Legal Regulation of Automated Decision Making.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Data Protection by Design and Security by Design: A Tale of Two Siblings.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
'By Design' as Regulatory Mantra.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Challenges of human rights in the digital domain: critical queries.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Methodological Challenges in Research on the Interaction of Technology and Human Rights .
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Grunnleggende innføring i "common law".
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Vulnerability in the Robot Society (VIROS) -- and some remarks about silos, law and "regulatory conversations" .
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
When Privacy and Data Protection Rule, What and Who loses Out?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2022).
Cyber Resilience versus Cybersecurity as Regulatory Aspiration: A Case of the Hare and the Tortoise?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
Contract as Regulatory Mechanism in Internet Governance: A Critical Assessment.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
The Role of Human Oversight under the EU's Proposal for an Act on Artificial Intelligence .
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
Security Theatre? The Law and Politics of "Security by Design".
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
Biometri til besvær?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
Rettslige rammer for sikkerhet på Internett.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
Automatiserte avgjørelser.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2021).
Cognitive Sovereignty in the Era of Machine Learning and 'Big Data'.
Show summary
We live in a world where automated decisional systems based on machine learning (ML) and 'Big Data' increasingly govern our behaviour. These systems promise a range of benefits, yet they also throw up a congeries of challenges, not least for our ability as humans to understand their logic and ramifications. This presentation considers such challenges through the prism of 'cognitive sovereignty' – a notion coined by Ulrich Beck in his famous work 'Risikogesellschaft' (1986). For the purposes of the presentation, cognitive sovereignty essentially denotes our moral and legal interest in being able to comprehend our environs and ourselves. The presentation argues that focus on cognitive sovereignty fills a blind spot in scholarship and policy discourse on the challenges arising from increasing use of ML-enhanced decisional systems. Not only is the notion an important constituent for an overarching conceptual framing of these challenges, it is also vital for grounding normative claims for greater explicability of machine processes. Further, the presentation assesses briefly the role of law, focusing on the provisions of data protection law that specifically concern automated decision-making. It shows that data protection law provides considerable but limited support for our cognitive sovereignty. At the same time, the application of legal norms operating with broad-brush criteria of proportionality, balance, and fairness carries a danger of 'grey-box' decision-making whereby the 'black boxes' of ML-enhanced decisional systems are assessed according to woolly, relatively subjective notions of propriety that are also rather opaque.
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Wagner, Eva; Møretrø, Trond; Moen, Birgitte; Heir, Even; Langsrud, Solveig & Kober-Rychli, Katrin
[Show all 9 contributors for this article]
(2020).
PathoSeq: A multidisciplinary project aiming to materialize the benefits of whole genome sequencing in the food processing industry.
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Wagner, Eva; Møretrø, Trond; Moen, Birgitte; Heir, Even; Langsrud, Solveig & Rychli, Kathrin
[Show all 9 contributors for this article]
(2020).
PathoSeq: A multidisciplinary project aiming to materialize the benefits of whole genome sequencing in the food processing industry.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2020).
Jussen rundt ansiktsgjenkjenning i korte trekk.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2020).
Hvordan styrer internettet deg? Jussens rolle.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2020).
European Data Protection: Is it Fit for Purpose in an Age of Algorithmic Regulation?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2020).
The Schrems II judgment of the EU Court of Justice in Historical Perspective.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
The Emergence of Security by Design as EU Regulatory Principle.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
Security by Design: Its Meaning and Utility as Regulatory Principle.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
The Strasbourg Effect: The Potential Impact of the Council of Europe’s Modernised Convention on Data Protection outside Europe.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
IKT regulering av/ved avtale mekanismer.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
EU Data Privacy Law and Algorithmic Regulation: Critical Reflections.
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Mahler, Tobias; Bygrave, Lee Andrew & Tørresen, Jim
(2019).
The VIROS Project: Vulnerability in the Robot Society.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
EU Data Protection Law vs. Algorithmic Regulation: Tilting at Windmills?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
A Flawed Crusade? The EU General Data Protection Regulation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
Muligheter og utfordringer ved økende bruk av kunstig intelligens.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
Transparency by Design.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2019).
DP:=PDF.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Taming Algorithms: The Probable Impact of EU Data Privacy Law on Automated Decision Making.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Security by Design: The Emperor's New Clothes in the Cybersecurity Space?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Security by Design: Semantics and Regulatory Operationalisation.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Public Administration as Regulatory Object in Data Protection Law.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Cyberspace, Security and Fundamental Rights.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
The Public Interest in Decision Making of Standards Development Organisations in Internet Governance.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
The EU General Data Protection Regulation and its Rules on Data Protection by Design: A Reason to Panic?
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Obscure Intelligence, Due Process and Data Protection.
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Banet, Catherine & Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Blockchain i energibransjen: Et juridisk perspektiv.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Data Protection by Design and by Default: Understanding GDPR Article 25
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Data Protection by Design and by Default: Semantics, Rules and Prospects.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
EUs forordning om personopplysningsvern: Historikk, kontekst og hovedtrekk
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2018).
Countering Kafka with Kafka: The Confounding Semantics of EU Data Protection Law’s Attempt to Tackle Algorithmic Regulation.
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Bygrave, Lee Andrew
(2017).
EU Data Policy Developments and Privacy Implications.
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Hunsbedt, Christiane; Bygrave, Lee Andrew; Fagerlund, Annette & Langsrud, Solveig
(2024).
Legal Regulation of Whole Genome Sequencing of Listeria monocytogenes in the Food Industry: Challenges, Attitudes, Possibilities. PathoSeq Project Report, WP5.
University of Oslo, Faculty of Law.
Show summary
This report presents the outcome of legal research conducted under the aegis of the project ‘Food Safety with High Precision—Pathogenomics for the Food Industry’ (short title: PathoSeq). A central objective of the PathoSeq project has been to prepare the Norwegian food industry for challenges accompanying the introduction of whole genome sequencing (WGS) of foodborne bacteria. The report elucidates the legal rules that may affect the implementation of WGS of bacterial pathogens in the food industry, using Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) as a case study. While the report focuses predominantly on the Norwegian context, account is also taken of the experiences and practices of certain other European states, particularly Austria, in light of EU food safety rules. Three key issues are canvassed: (i) the role of WGS data in assessing the safety of food; (ii) access by food safety authorities to WGS data, or to isolates on which to perform WGS, from the food industry; and (iii) food business operators’ ability to receive Lm isolates and sequences held by the authorities. A special feature of the report is that it builds on, and presents, an extensive mapping of stakeholder perspectives on these issues and, more generally, on potentials, hindrances and needs in respect of mitigating Lm-related risk through WGS technology.
