;;; "Metacircular evaluator", basert på koden i seksjon 4.1.1-4.1.4 i SICP.
;;; Del av innlevering 3b i IN2040, høst 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
;; 
;; Last hele filen inn i Scheme. For å starte read-eval-print loopen og 
;; initialisere den globale omgivelsen, kjør:
;; (set! the-global-environment (setup-environment))
;; (read-eval-print-loop)
;;
;; Merk at det visse steder i koden, som i `special-form?', vanligvis ville
;; være mere naturlig å bruke `or' enn `cond'. Evaluatoren er skrevet helt
;; uten bruk av `and' / `or' for å vise at disse likevel kan støttes i det
;; implementerte språket selv om de ikke brukes i
;; implementeringsspråket. (Se oppgave 3a for mer om dette.)

;; hack for å etterlikne SICPs feilmeldinger:
(define exit-to-toplevel 'dummy)
(call-with-current-continuation 
 (lambda (cont) (set! exit-to-toplevel cont)))

(define (error reason . args)
  (display "ERROR: ")
  (display reason)
  (for-each (lambda (arg) 
	      (display " ")
	      (write arg))
	    args)
  (newline)
  (exit-to-toplevel))


;;; Selve kjernen i evaluatoren (seksjon 4.1.1, SICP):
;;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------

;; Merk at vi skiller ut evaluering av special forms i en egen prosedyre.

(define (mc-eval exp env) ;; tilsvarer eval i SICP
  (cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp)
        ((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
        ((special-form? exp) (eval-special-form exp env))
        ((application? exp)
         (mc-apply (mc-eval (operator exp) env)
                   (list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
        (else
         (error "Unknown expression type -- mc-eval:" exp))))

(define (mc-apply proc args) ;; tilsvarer apply i SICP
  (cond ((primitive-procedure? proc)
         (apply-primitive-procedure proc args))
        ((compound-procedure? proc)
         (eval-sequence
          (procedure-body proc)
          (extend-environment
           (procedure-parameters proc)
           args
           (procedure-environment proc))))
        (else
         (error
          "Unknown procedure type -- mc-apply:" proc))))

(define (eval-special-form exp env)
  (cond ((quoted? exp) (text-of-quotation exp))
        ((assignment? exp) (eval-assignment exp env))
        ((definition? exp) (eval-definition exp env))
        ((if? exp) (eval-if exp env))
        ((lambda? exp)
         (make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
                         (lambda-body exp)
                         env))
        ((begin? exp) 
         (eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env))
        ((cond? exp) (mc-eval (cond->if exp) env))))

(define (special-form? exp)
  (cond ((quoted? exp) #t)
        ((assignment? exp) #t)
        ((definition? exp) #t)
        ((if? exp) #t)
        ((lambda? exp) #t)
        ((begin? exp) #t)
        ((cond? exp) #t)
        (else #f)))

(define (list-of-values exps env)
  (if (no-operands? exps)
      '()
      (cons (mc-eval (first-operand exps) env)
            (list-of-values (rest-operands exps) env))))

(define (eval-if exp env)
  (if (true? (mc-eval (if-predicate exp) env))
      (mc-eval (if-consequent exp) env)
      (mc-eval (if-alternative exp) env)))

(define (eval-sequence exps env)
  (cond ((last-exp? exps) (mc-eval (first-exp exps) env))
        (else (mc-eval (first-exp exps) env)
              (eval-sequence (rest-exps exps) env))))

(define (eval-assignment exp env)
  (set-variable-value! (assignment-variable exp)
                       (mc-eval (assignment-value exp) env)
                       env)
  'ok)

(define (eval-definition exp env)
  (define-variable! (definition-variable exp)
                    (mc-eval (definition-value exp) env)
                    env)
  'ok)

;;; Predikater + selektorer som definerer syntaksen til uttrykk i språket 
;;; (seksjon 4.1.2, SICP)
;;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (self-evaluating? exp)
  (cond ((number? exp) #t)
        ((string? exp) #t)
        ((boolean? exp) #t)
        (else #f)))

(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
  (if (pair? exp)
      (eq? (car exp) tag)
      #f))

(define (quoted? exp)
  (tagged-list? exp 'quote))

(define (text-of-quotation exp) (cadr exp))

(define (variable? exp) (symbol? exp))

(define (assignment? exp)
  (tagged-list? exp 'set!))

(define (assignment-variable exp) (cadr exp))

(define (assignment-value exp) (caddr exp))


(define (definition? exp)
  (tagged-list? exp 'define))

(define (definition-variable exp)
  (if (symbol? (cadr exp))
      (cadr exp)
      (caadr exp)))

(define (definition-value exp)
  (if (symbol? (cadr exp))
      (caddr exp)
      (make-lambda (cdadr exp)
                   (cddr exp))))


(define (lambda? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'lambda))

(define (lambda-parameters exp) (cadr exp))
(define (lambda-body exp) (cddr exp))

(define (make-lambda parameters body)
  (cons 'lambda (cons parameters body)))


(define (if? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'if))

(define (if-predicate exp) (cadr exp))

(define (if-consequent exp) (caddr exp))

(define (if-alternative exp)
  (if (not (null? (cdddr exp)))
      (cadddr exp)
      'false))

(define (make-if predicate consequent alternative)
  (list 'if predicate consequent alternative))


(define (begin? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'begin))

(define (begin-actions exp) (cdr exp))

(define (last-exp? seq) (null? (cdr seq)))
(define (first-exp seq) (car seq))
(define (rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))

(define (sequence->exp seq)
  (cond ((null? seq) seq)
        ((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq))
        (else (make-begin seq))))

(define (make-begin seq) (cons 'begin seq))


(define (application? exp) (pair? exp))
(define (operator exp) (car exp))
(define (operands exp) (cdr exp))

(define (no-operands? ops) (null? ops))
(define (first-operand ops) (car ops))
(define (rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))


(define (cond? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'cond))

(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))

(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
  (eq? (cond-predicate clause) 'else))

(define (cond-predicate clause) (car clause))

(define (cond-actions clause) (cdr clause))

(define (cond->if exp)
  (expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))

(define (expand-clauses clauses)
  (if (null? clauses)
      'false                          ; no else clause
      (let ((first (car clauses))
            (rest (cdr clauses)))
        (if (cond-else-clause? first)
            (if (null? rest)
                (sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
                (error "ELSE clause isn't last -- COND->IF:"
                       clauses))
            (make-if (cond-predicate first)
                     (sequence->exp (cond-actions first))
                     (expand-clauses rest))))))


;;; Evaluatorens interne datastrukturer for å representere omgivelser,
;;; prosedyrer, osv (seksjon 4.1.3, SICP):
;;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (false? x)
  (cond ((eq? x 'false) #t)
        ((eq? x #f) #t)
        (else #f)))

(define (true? x)
  (not (false? x)))
;; (som i SICP-Scheme'en vi tar med true/false som boolske verdier.)

(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
  (list 'procedure parameters body env))

(define (compound-procedure? p)
  (tagged-list? p 'procedure))


(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))


(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
(define (first-frame env) (car env))

(define the-empty-environment '())

;; En ramme er et par der car er variablene
;; og cdr er verdiene:
(define (make-frame variables values)
  (cons variables values))

(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))

(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
  (set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
  (set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame))))

(define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
  (if (= (length vars) (length vals))
      (cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
      (if (< (length vars) (length vals))
          (error "Too many arguments supplied:" vars vals)
          (error "Too few arguments supplied:" vars vals))))

;; Søker gjennom listene av variabel-bindinger i første ramme og 
;; så bakover i den omsluttende omgivelsen. (Moro; to nivåer av 
;; interne definisjoner med gjensidig rekursjon.) 
(define (lookup-variable-value var env)
  (define (env-loop env)
    (define (scan vars vals) 
      ; parallell rekursjon på listene av symboler og verdier
      (cond ((null? vars)
             (env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
            ((eq? var (car vars))
             (car vals))
            (else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
    (if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
        (error "Unbound variable:" var)
        (let ((frame (first-frame env)))
          (scan (frame-variables frame)
                (frame-values frame)))))
  (env-loop env))

;; Endrer bindingen av 'var' til 'val' i en omgivelse 
;; (gir feil dersom 'var' ikke er bundet):
(define (set-variable-value! var val env)
  (define (env-loop env)
    (define (scan vars vals)
      (cond ((null? vars)
             (env-loop (enclosing-environment env)))
            ((eq? var (car vars))
             (set-car! vals val))
            (else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
    (if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
        (error "Unbound variable -- SET!:" var)
        (let ((frame (first-frame env)))
          (scan (frame-variables frame)
                (frame-values frame)))))
  (env-loop env))

;; define-variable! legger til en ny binding mellom 'var' og 'val' 
;; i den første rammen i omgivelsen 'env':
(define (define-variable! var val env)
  (let ((frame (first-frame env)))
    (define (scan vars vals)
      (cond ((null? vars)
             (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame))
            ((eq? var (car vars))
             (set-car! vals val))
            (else (scan (cdr vars) (cdr vals)))))
    (scan (frame-variables frame)
          (frame-values frame))))


;;; Håndtering av primitiver og den globale omgivelsen (SICP seksjon 4.1.4)
;;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(define (setup-environment)
  (let ((initial-env
         (extend-environment (primitive-procedure-names)
                             (primitive-procedure-objects)
                             the-empty-environment)))
    (define-variable! 'true 'true initial-env)
    (define-variable! 'false 'false initial-env)
    (define-variable! 'nil '() initial-env)
    initial-env))

(define the-global-environment the-empty-environment)
;; For initialisering av den globale omgivelsen, se kommentar til slutt i fila.

(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
  (tagged-list? proc 'primitive))

(define (primitive-implementation proc) (cadr proc))

(define primitive-procedures
  (list (list 'car car)
        (list 'cdr cdr)
        (list 'cons cons)
        (list 'null? null?)
        (list 'not not)
        (list '+ +)
        (list '- -)
        (list '* *)
        (list '/ /)
        (list '= =)
        (list 'eq? eq?)
        (list 'equal? equal?)
        (list 'display 
              (lambda (x) (display x) 'ok))
        (list 'newline 
              (lambda () (newline) 'ok))
;;      her kan vi legge til flere primitiver.
        ))

(define (primitive-procedure-names)
  (map car
       primitive-procedures))

(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
  (map (lambda (proc) (list 'primitive (cadr proc)))
       primitive-procedures))

(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)

(define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
  (apply-in-underlying-scheme
   (primitive-implementation proc) args))


;;; Hjelpeprosedyrer for REPL-interaksjon (SICP seksjon 4.1.4)
;;; -----------------------------------------------------------------------

(define input-prompt  ";;; MC-Eval input:")
(define output-prompt ";;; MC-Eval value:")

(define (read-eval-print-loop) ;;tilsvarer driver-loop i SICP
  (prompt-for-input input-prompt)
  (let ((input (read)))
    (let ((output (mc-eval input the-global-environment)))
      (announce-output output-prompt)
      (user-print output)))
  (read-eval-print-loop))

(define (prompt-for-input string)
  (newline) (newline) (display string) (newline))

(define (announce-output string)
  (newline) (display string) (newline))

(define (user-print object)
  (if (compound-procedure? object)
      (display (list 'compound-procedure
                     (procedure-parameters object)
                     (procedure-body object)
                     '<procedure-env>))
      (display object)))

'METACIRCULAR-EVALUATOR-LOADED

;;; For å starte read-eval-print loopen og initialisere 
;;; den globale omgivelsen, kjør:
;;; (set! the-global-environment (setup-environment))
;;; (read-eval-print-loop)