WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:00:02.400 --> 00:00:11.400 hello everyone welcome back to the globalisation lecture of SOSANT1000 as I promised you earlier I 00:00:11.400 --> 00:00:19.400 was going to talk a little bit about my work on shipbuilding in South Korea with you and sort of put 00:00:19.400 --> 00:00:28.600 it in context when it comes to the larger project on container ships that I'm currently running. 00:00:28.600 --> 00:00:31.849 Let's just get right to it NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:00:31.849 --> 00:00:38.700 The article you were supposed to read is called working woman's suicide transnational 00:00:38.700 --> 00:00:46.100 relocations of capital and repercussions for labor in South Korea and the Philippines. Now this is an 00:00:46.100 --> 00:00:56.200 article that sort of fed into or is part of a larger Endeavour called life cycle of container ships 00:00:56.200 --> 00:01:02.050 or Containerskipets livssyklus which is funded by the Norwegian research Council NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 65% (MEDIUM) 00:01:02.050 --> 00:01:10.800 and is housed by our department of social anthropology and together with myself who works on 00:01:10.800 --> 00:01:17.700 shipbuilding I collaborate here with Johanna Markkula who works on shipping and then also Camellia 00:01:17.700 --> 00:01:25.200 the one who works on shipbreaking or ship recycling so the idea behind this particular project was 00:01:25.200 --> 00:01:32.100 very much to take an item that I personally think is an icon of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:01:32.100 --> 00:01:39.800 Globalisation ikonet the thing that really helps us understand globalisation 00:01:39.800 --> 00:01:46.600 which is the container ship, and to trace it from it's very beginnings in terms of you know when is 00:01:46.600 --> 00:01:52.800 it built by whom is it build in which locations of the world is it built what kind of work forces 00:01:52.800 --> 00:01:59.050 are involved in building it what kind of conflicts arise around the construction of container ships 00:01:59.050 --> 00:02:02.050 and then to take it from there and trace it NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:02:02.050 --> 00:02:12.200 into the shipping aspect where the ship is being maintained its being run it's being sort of yeah used 00:02:12.200 --> 00:02:20.000 to transport goods across the planet and then finally to trace also container ships all the way back 00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:27.300 to the location where they're being dismantled the end of life or the afterlife as it is actually 00:02:27.300 --> 00:02:32.450 better called the afterlife of container ships which are usually NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:02:32.450 --> 00:02:42.500 taken apart these days in South Asia particularly in Bangladesh or India or also Pakistan where they 00:02:42.500 --> 00:02:50.400 are taking apart on beaches so basically the container ship would be first driven at high speed 00:02:50.400 --> 00:02:59.900 into the sand and then afterwards you know tens of thousands of people who generally work in this 00:02:59.900 --> 00:03:01.399 industry NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:03:01.399 --> 00:03:09.000 would take care of taking these ships apart eventually and then the iron wants and everything else 00:03:09.000 --> 00:03:15.500 that is still movable and transportable and has any kind of value is taken off taken to land and 00:03:15.500 --> 00:03:26.900 then sold on into various industries locally. Now my interest in shipbuilding has brought me to East 00:03:26.900 --> 00:03:31.950 Asia and also to Southeast Asia now ships building is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:03:31.950 --> 00:03:39.500 traditionally an industry that was very much located in northern Europe and also in the 00:03:39.500 --> 00:03:54.300 United States on some level in some parts of Canada and whatnot and has then 00:03:54.300 --> 00:04:01.800 gradually moved on to South East Asia and East Asia now today the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:04:01.800 --> 00:04:08.100 Number one ship builder in the world is actually South Korea so you can see here a map of South Korea 00:04:08.100 --> 00:04:16.399 so shipbuilding if you can see my arrow here is basically located in particular in the region 00:04:16.399 --> 00:04:23.700 round in Pusan and also another place which you don't see it at this pink 00:04:23.700 --> 00:04:29.700 Island down here in the South there's some other smaller facilities in other parts of the country 00:04:29.700 --> 00:04:32.000 but for the most part Shipbuilding NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:04:32.000 --> 00:04:38.400 in South Korea has undertaken in this particular region here and so the article that you were 00:04:38.400 --> 00:04:46.500 supposed to read for today really takes you into a labor conflict that occurred in the city of Pusan 00:04:46.500 --> 00:04:55.950 so Pusan is the second largest city of South Korea where you have the country's oldest Shipyard 00:04:55.950 --> 00:05:01.950 which is the one you see down here it's actually a fairly small Shipyard believe it or not it looks NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:05:01.950 --> 00:05:08.000 big enough of course to people who wouldn't know how large shipyards can actually get these 00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:17.100 days and so this particular shipyard was the site of a labor struggle that unfolded in 2011 when the 00:05:17.100 --> 00:05:25.450 woman you see in the picture above here labor activists by the name of Kim Jin Sook she ended up 00:05:25.450 --> 00:05:31.850 climbing on top of one of the cranes that you see here dotted around the facility and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:05:31.850 --> 00:05:39.500 Occupied the crane for the duration of nearly an entire year in order to protest the layoffs that were 00:05:39.500 --> 00:05:46.000 occurring at the shipyard around that time. So Kim Jin Sook she used to be a welder herself in the 00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:52.300 1980s and then ended up being blacklisted because she was very involved in the Trade union and so 00:05:52.300 --> 00:05:57.900 she lost her job first and then also just didn't get rehired even though all her colleagues and 00:05:57.900 --> 00:06:01.950 friends who were also blacklisted ended up getting their jobs back so she was sort of earmarked NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:06:01.950 --> 00:06:08.500 as a troublemaker by the state-owned company that was running this particular Shipyard 00:06:08.500 --> 00:06:17.350 back in the day and then in the meantime it was then taken over in the 1990s or late 1980s by a 00:06:17.350 --> 00:06:27.300 corporation private Corporation by the name of Hanjin and then Hanjin in the 2000s in order to 00:06:27.300 --> 00:06:31.800 stay competitive with other East Asian actors especially NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:06:31.800 --> 00:06:39.300 the Chinese who were increasingly becoming very good at building ships as well they actually 00:06:39.300 --> 00:06:47.700 expanded their production to also build up a shipyard in the Philippines and so these particular 00:06:47.700 --> 00:06:57.500 Endeavors sort of happened right in the middle of a crisis in South Korea in terms of shipbuilding 00:06:57.500 --> 00:07:01.900 so it was basically also used as an excuse potentially by NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:07:01.900 --> 00:07:08.500 by the corporation to lay off hundreds of their workers and say we need to you know tighten our 00:07:08.500 --> 00:07:16.900 belts here we need to restructure the facility in order to stay competitive with other shipbuilding 00:07:16.900 --> 00:07:23.700 Nations out there and so in an attempt to basically fight this you had Kim Joon Suk again the woman 00:07:23.700 --> 00:07:29.700 in the picture above climbing on top of this crane and occupying it in order to make a public 00:07:29.700 --> 00:07:31.850 statement and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:07:31.850 --> 00:07:41.300 her actions were really became very widely reported on in South Korea and led to the emergence of 00:07:41.300 --> 00:07:48.200 something that was called the hope bus movement so this basically meant that participants from all 00:07:48.200 --> 00:07:56.500 across the country would take buses and drive down to Pusan and then basically stand in front of the 00:07:56.500 --> 00:08:01.900 facility and hold protests and hope to sort of catch a glimpse NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:08:01.900 --> 00:08:09.400 of this lonesome figure of this female trade unionists who is basically occupying this 00:08:09.400 --> 00:08:15.700 crane in order to make a stand Point against precarity in particular and so this movement really 00:08:15.700 --> 00:08:22.700 spread from being a very local issue to do with you know shipbuilding and restructuration in the 00:08:22.700 --> 00:08:29.100 shipbuilding sector in South Korea to them become sort of symbolic for how precarity was on the rise 00:08:29.100 --> 00:08:31.750 in the country when it comes to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:08:31.750 --> 00:08:37.450 Labour relations in general so you had a lot of people who had absolutely nothing to do shipbuilding 00:08:37.450 --> 00:08:43.400 joining in in these protests and also standing there as you can see here in the brain and sort of 00:08:43.400 --> 00:08:48.700 protesting to show their solidarity with Kim Jin Sook NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:08:48.700 --> 00:08:58.000 and I go through in the article a long history of also labor struggles that had happened previously 00:08:58.000 --> 00:09:06.400 before Kim Jin Sook actually took this drastic action of occupying the crane at the shipyard so the 00:09:06.400 --> 00:09:14.600 the shipyard was quite famous already in the 1990s and previously before that for having a 00:09:14.600 --> 00:09:18.650 really sort of militant workforce and where people would on NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 67% (MEDIUM) 00:09:18.650 --> 00:09:27.100 occasion go to the ultimate sort of extreme of committing suicide in order to you know 00:09:27.100 --> 00:09:35.100 strengthen the movement and so Kim Jin Sook was by not by accident basically on this particular 00:09:35.100 --> 00:09:41.800 crane number 85 which again we just going back to the picture earlier so this crane number 85 that 00:09:41.800 --> 00:09:48.650 she's standing on here was already the site of an earlier labor struggle by one of her comrades NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:09:48.650 --> 00:09:54.300 who at the end of the strike when it looked like the strike had failed actually committed 00:09:54.300 --> 00:10:01.300 suicide on top of the crane and was then his corpse was kept on top of the crane 00:10:01.300 --> 00:10:08.700 for quite a few weeks in sort of a standoff between the workers at the facility and their trade 00:10:08.700 --> 00:10:16.600 union and management who just wanted to solve this really quickly and get you know the corpse off 00:10:16.600 --> 00:10:18.700 the crane so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:10:18.700 --> 00:10:25.900 basically Kim Jin Sook in the way she was taking a stand on top of this facility of this particular 00:10:25.900 --> 00:10:33.700 crane was also sort of harking back to this particular history of this crane and this sort of 00:10:33.700 --> 00:10:40.600 gruesome history of this suicide had already happened on this crane so basically it was always an 00:10:40.600 --> 00:10:48.550 implicit threat involved in her actions that you know history could repeat itself if the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:10:48.550 --> 00:10:54.700 the outcome was as bleak at all as it was back in the day when her comrade and friend had actually 00:10:54.700 --> 00:10:58.650 committed suicide on this particular crane so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:10:58.650 --> 00:11:07.500 this was basically the Korean side of the story so of course jumping a lot of details that you will 00:11:07.500 --> 00:11:19.100 find in the article here but I was also interested this was in 2013 and 14 to find out more about 00:11:19.100 --> 00:11:25.000 the other side of this story which is again as I already sort of explain briefly the fact that this 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:28.350 Korean company had expanded in the Philippines NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:11:28.350 --> 00:11:35.800 and had built up a second much larger facility that was also building ships in another country which 00:11:35.800 --> 00:11:41.500 is of course a practice that you probably have heard about before so if you know the offshoring of 00:11:41.500 --> 00:11:51.900 production to another location so in this particular case again the shipyard was build up in Subic 00:11:51.900 --> 00:11:58.700 Bay in the Philippines and what you can see here is actually a poster sort of a billboard that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:11:58.700 --> 00:12:05.400 really is of gigantic dimensions and it's located right outside of the main gate at the South Korean 00:12:05.400 --> 00:12:12.800 facility in Pusan so basically the workers would go in and out of this particular Shipyard would 00:12:12.800 --> 00:12:21.700 always see this poster which basically declared very strongly that the company thought of their 00:12:21.700 --> 00:12:28.700 future as happening elsewhere not in Pusan not in South Korea but in Subic Bay in the Philippines NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:12:28.700 --> 00:12:34.700 which is of course was my main reason for then also going there because I was curious you know how 00:12:34.700 --> 00:12:40.600 would this other facility look like and how would the relations between workers and the company 00:12:40.600 --> 00:12:48.700 looklike in this entirely different country of the Philippines. I will also 00:12:48.700 --> 00:12:55.100 post this link also separately this is a link to a video it's actually sort of a 00:12:55.100 --> 00:12:58.950 20-minute documentary around the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:58.950 --> 00:13:04.500 Subic Bay Shipyard that I will talk about now which I think is actually quite a well-made 00:13:04.500 --> 00:13:09.000 documentary and I really recommend it after you've read the article and you feel like you want to 00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:13.900 know more about this particular case I would just recommend watching this particular video as well 00:13:13.900 --> 00:13:23.900 if you're interested so yeah let's move on to the Philippines here so here you can see a bit of this 00:13:23.900 --> 00:13:28.849 Shipyard so it takes up a stretch of I think it was several NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:13:28.849 --> 00:13:36.600 kilometers of the Waterfront of this particular area of Subic Bay is taken up by this particular 00:13:36.600 --> 00:13:44.650 Shipyard and so at the time of its construction so at the time this Shipyard was being built up 00:13:44.650 --> 00:13:51.600 which was in 2006 this was actually the fourth largest Shipyard in the world and just to give you 00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:58.500 some perspective at that time the top three shipyards other than this particular Force shipyard 00:13:58.500 --> 00:13:58.800 worker was NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:13:58.800 --> 00:14:05.500 all located inside of South Korea so again showing you how dominant South Korea really was and 00:14:05.500 --> 00:14:10.500 still is at that point in time and how much this particular company Hanjin was trying to 00:14:10.500 --> 00:14:19.900 basically compete against Korean competitors by building up a facility elsewhere and so at this 00:14:19.900 --> 00:14:25.400 particular Shipyard they were also very much specialising in the production of container ships mean 00:14:25.400 --> 00:14:28.800 they built all kinds of ships but the size NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:14:28.800 --> 00:14:34.500 of this facility really allowed it also to build the kind of ultra large container ships that we 00:14:34.500 --> 00:14:41.800 have already briefly touched upon when I talked about the ship stuck inside of the Suez Canal now 00:14:41.800 --> 00:14:47.500 perhaps the most famous ship that was built in Subic Bay by Hanjin at this Shipyard that you've 00:14:47.500 --> 00:14:58.100 seen was the CMA CGM which is up to this point the largest container ship 00:14:58.100 --> 00:14:58.850 owned by a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:14:58.850 --> 00:15:11.100 European company so this ship can hold up to 20,000 954 20-foot containers so if you see you know if 00:15:11.100 --> 00:15:18.600 you walk around in the city and you stumble across a container ship usually that container is a 00:15:18.600 --> 00:15:26.500 40-foot container so this ship would allow you to carry over 10,000 of these standard sized 00:15:26.500 --> 00:15:28.849 containers so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:28.849 --> 00:15:38.100 it's a ship that basically has a huge capacity to hold containers in its body and so you can 00:15:38.100 --> 00:15:47.800 see here also the ship that was built by a number of sort of an international effort or even a 00:15:47.800 --> 00:15:57.800 transnational effort in the sense that you have a European Shipping Company the French CMA CGM that 00:15:57.800 --> 00:15:58.850 actually you know NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:15:58.850 --> 00:16:04.950 wanted this ship built it is built by a Korean company Hanjin heavy Industries in the Philippines 00:16:04.950 --> 00:16:11.600 with the help of a lot of local Filipino workers but they also employed at that time quite a few 00:16:11.600 --> 00:16:18.900 Eastern European Foreman at the facility so you can see this a number of people involved in the 00:16:18.900 --> 00:16:26.600 construction of these Ultra large vessels that we have now become more aware of since the accident 00:16:26.600 --> 00:16:28.900 in the Suez Canal recently NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:29.200 --> 00:16:42.050 and then what a container ship usually can live so to speak for 20 to 30 maybe even 35 years before 00:16:42.050 --> 00:16:53.100 it becomes too old to really do its job anymore but that actually that life span I'm just giving you 00:16:53.100 --> 00:16:59.000 this number to compare with the lifespan of the very Shipyard that I was studying NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:06.099 in this Shipyard in Subic Bay in the Philippines which in fact went bankrupt just in 2019 so again 00:17:06.099 --> 00:17:14.800 it was constructed in 2006 it was build up employing at times up to 30,000 local workers Filipino 00:17:14.800 --> 00:17:22.500 workers who were you know helping construct container vessels and other kinds of cargo vessels that 00:17:22.500 --> 00:17:28.550 were sort of sent off into the world afterwards and so up to 30,000 NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:17:28.550 --> 00:17:35.400 local people had jobs at this particular Shipyard and in 2019 it was then it had to declare 00:17:35.400 --> 00:17:43.600 bankruptcy and basically in the last two years the lot on which this gigantic facility is standing 00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:51.400 has become vacant and it's basically awaiting its fate we don't know exactly what will happen in 00:17:51.400 --> 00:17:58.300 terms of the future of Subic Bay and shipbuilding in the Philippines NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:17:58.300 --> 00:18:07.200 but you know in the article I talked a lot about different Notions of precarity and whether 00:18:07.200 --> 00:18:15.400 precarity is a term that travels and into which context it travels because of course there is as you 00:18:15.400 --> 00:18:24.300 will also see a lot of anthropologists who are arguing that precarity is a concept that you know is 00:18:24.300 --> 00:18:28.900 nothing new there's always been precarity in the global South as the argument goes that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:18:28.900 --> 00:18:35.300 you will also later come across and that so basically the notion of precarity as we have recently 00:18:35.300 --> 00:18:41.700 discovered it over the last 10 to 20 years is basically According to some anthropologists not 00:18:41.700 --> 00:18:48.100 particularly new or interesting but in my article I really showed up despite of all these longer 00:18:48.100 --> 00:18:55.500 histories of you know precarity in people's lives and also in their work lives in the way they make 00:18:55.500 --> 00:18:58.850 a living that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:18:58.850 --> 00:19:05.300 it's still a term that travels very well and it travels in two different contexts and you may have 00:19:05.300 --> 00:19:11.400 different local phrases around it but it is definitely something that people in my view and in my 00:19:11.400 --> 00:19:17.700 experience relate to in different settings across the world and often means quite remarkably similar 00:19:17.700 --> 00:19:26.050 things actually but I also talked a little bit in this article of course about culture and sort of 00:19:26.050 --> 00:19:28.950 different Trade union NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:19:28.950 --> 00:19:36.400 Protest cultures and so as you've seen if you've read the article carefully that this we have this 00:19:36.400 --> 00:19:46.300 moment of basically someone occupying a crane in South Korea and this protest moment and the kinds 00:19:46.300 --> 00:19:52.400 of demonstrations that followed suit and whatnot they at at one moment in time nearly swept over to 00:19:52.400 --> 00:19:58.950 the Philippines were of course you had similar issues to do with you know job insecurity NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:19:58.950 --> 00:20:05.500 workers safety trade unionism and whether or not one was even a lot to join a trade Union so 00:20:05.500 --> 00:20:11.400 there's all kinds of issues to do with labor rights in the Philippines around this particular 00:20:11.400 --> 00:20:19.400 Shipyard and so for a moment in time it looked like this particular protest I have talked to you 00:20:19.400 --> 00:20:24.850 about earlier this whole bus movement in South Korea was about to sweep over into the Philippines 00:20:24.850 --> 00:20:29.199 but then it stops you know and so I was also very interested in why NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:20:29.199 --> 00:20:37.700 It stopped and what's the sort of the reasons as to why certain concepts like precarity or you know so the 00:20:37.700 --> 00:20:42.400 whole bus movement why does it stop at a certain point and in this particular instance why did it 00:20:42.400 --> 00:20:50.450 stop it the nation even though of course we have here a transnational phenomenon of sort of capital 00:20:50.450 --> 00:20:58.500 expanding and Crossing National boundaries while at the same time workers sort of failed to unite 00:20:58.500 --> 00:20:59.150 around a common NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:20:59.150 --> 00:21:05.250 Cause in the Philippines and in South Korea and so towards the end of the article I also 00:21:05.250 --> 00:21:12.100 present some ideas around that and I'm just going to read a brief excerpt from an interview I've done 00:21:12.100 --> 00:21:18.900 here with a trade unionist in the Philippines where I specifically talked about you know this sort 00:21:18.900 --> 00:21:24.700 of militant worker movement in South Korea and also the fact that you know South Koreans were 00:21:24.700 --> 00:21:29.150 actually so even threatening suicide NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:21:29.150 --> 00:21:36.600 On occasion in order to improve you know the the standing of their colleagues and their 00:21:36.600 --> 00:21:43.250 comrades so this person here said to me I cannot imagine that any of the workers in Hanjin 00:21:43.250 --> 00:21:49.550 Philippines would do what Kim Jin Suk did. The woman who stepped on the crane 00:21:49.550 --> 00:21:55.100 I'm really Amazed by what Korean workers can do of course there's lots of history there are lots of 00:21:55.100 --> 00:21:59.050 stories for instance they burn themselves in one of the garment factories NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:21:59.050 --> 00:22:05.200 Here's the history that you can find more about in the footnote on that site that 00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:11.200 I'm referring to here of course there are a lot of questions about that too if you're a good worker 00:22:11.200 --> 00:22:16.000 why do you waste your life and you can still do a lot of good with things while you're alive you 00:22:16.000 --> 00:22:23.200 know but this kind of culture although some of this of it is Extreme but some aspects of the culture 00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:27.949 in the Korean Trade union movement they can still win issues NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:22:27.949 --> 00:22:34.200 so basically this conversation really moved from a very general Topic in terms of what kind of 00:22:34.200 --> 00:22:41.800 strategies can we use in order to win a struggle against the company went in very quickly into a 00:22:41.800 --> 00:22:47.200 specific discussion around culture you know what is it about Koreans that is so different from 00:22:47.200 --> 00:22:54.000 Filipinos when it comes to strategies you know why do some careers threatened to commit suicide in 00:22:54.000 --> 00:22:57.750 order to win a labor struggle and why would no Filipino NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:22:57.750 --> 00:23:05.000 Ever dream of doing so according to this particular person I spoke to and so this is an issue 00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:13.900 that we will also return to in another recording where I talk about ebola and sort of the healthcare 00:23:13.900 --> 00:23:21.400 responses on the ground and the resistance also to these Health Care responses in Guinea in the west 00:23:21.400 --> 00:23:25.900 coast of Africa and so basically culture NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:25.900 --> 00:23:33.600 as you can see is a notion that is often spoken about in many many contacts and of course 00:23:33.600 --> 00:23:41.100 anthropologists tend to have a lot to say about culture traditionally and it's definitely something 00:23:41.100 --> 00:23:47.300 that I hope you will appreciate over time as you go on with your studies that there's a lot of 00:23:47.300 --> 00:23:54.100 complexity around the notion of culture and you know the way anthropologists use it versus the way 00:23:54.100 --> 00:23:56.050 that is sort of commonly used out NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 68% (MEDIUM) 00:23:56.050 --> 00:24:03.700 There in the real world so to speak but I think I will end the discussion of ship building in South 00:24:03.700 --> 00:24:11.800 Korea and the Philippines here so again just to stress that we're looking at a particular work that 00:24:11.800 --> 00:24:19.300 came out of a very comparative project and in the middle of all this comparison between shipbuilding 00:24:19.300 --> 00:24:25.950 shipping and ship breaking it also involves a comparison between South Korea on the one hand NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:24:25.950 --> 00:24:32.400 and the Philippines on the other because these two countries were sort of connected via a Korean 00:24:32.400 --> 00:24:41.600 company that was building up facilities in both locations okay talk to you soon