WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:00:02.200 --> 00:00:12.800 yes hello everyone and welcome back to the session on globalization in SOSANT1000 this particular 00:00:12.800 --> 00:00:20.000 recording is going to concern itself with the question of disease and globalization so let me just 00:00:20.000 --> 00:00:26.850 start by showing you this animated infographic here and I won't say much about it before I start 00:00:26.850 --> 00:00:28.900 this video for you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:01:35.800 --> 00:01:44.600 right so let me just go to the Powerpoint before I talk about this some more NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:01:57.300 --> 00:02:08.300 okay now we got it so what you've seen here of course was the spread of COVID-19 as it progressed of 00:02:08.300 --> 00:02:18.300 the last 18-20 months or so so you can see really how you know there's one country after another 00:02:18.300 --> 00:02:24.400 sort of taking the lead for a while and becoming the center of the epidemic the outbreak that we've 00:02:24.400 --> 00:02:25.950 all been through and I think NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:02:25.950 --> 00:02:35.200 sort of a very good illustration of also you know the globalization of disease and of these medical 00:02:35.200 --> 00:02:42.900 issues that can come and turn all our lives upside down on a very short notice and so I wanted to 00:02:42.900 --> 00:02:51.400 bring you into the space via this particular crisis that we've all lived through recently and then 00:02:51.400 --> 00:02:55.900 connect it to the text that you were supposed to read for today NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:02:55.900 --> 00:03:01.500 day which is understanding social resistance to the Ebola response in the forest region of the 00:03:01.500 --> 00:03:08.700 Republic of Guinea and anthropological perspective so basically here we have another outbreak that 00:03:08.700 --> 00:03:16.600 isn't COVID but a ebola which we've already most of us have nearly forgotten in 2014 to 2016 there 00:03:16.600 --> 00:03:23.900 was a major outbreak of Ebola affecting West Africa and I think this is a very interesting article 00:03:23.900 --> 00:03:25.950 sort of running us through some of the key moments NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:03:25.950 --> 00:03:34.900 of this outbreak and the local resistances that were occurring and the way these resistances 00:03:34.900 --> 00:03:43.500 also were talked about as something that had to do with culture and in a way again to go back to the 00:03:43.500 --> 00:03:49.200 infographic I just show you you could also think of all these covid outbreaks in these distinct 00:03:49.200 --> 00:03:55.550 locations you know remember the United States, Brazil, China NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:03:55.550 --> 00:04:02.100 Russia what not all these countries India of course you know taking a lead at certain points in time 00:04:02.100 --> 00:04:09.100 and sort of indicating a particular break down that one could of course investigate thinking through 00:04:09.100 --> 00:04:16.600 okay what exactly went wrong in this particular moment in time to cause such a huge outbreak and 00:04:16.600 --> 00:04:22.400 often the first explanation we go for is its political its economic there's a number of factors to 00:04:22.400 --> 00:04:25.900 do with the existing Health Care provisions NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:04:25.900 --> 00:04:33.600 whatnot but often another point that is very quickly raised is actually culture you know the social 00:04:33.600 --> 00:04:41.400 ways and means how people engage with each other locally as a factor in how quickly people can get a 00:04:41.400 --> 00:04:48.350 handle on the certain health care crisis like this and Fairhead really argues here for a quiet 00:04:48.350 --> 00:04:55.100 nuanced understanding of culture he basically says that we need to think of cultures as not these 00:04:55.100 --> 00:04:55.850 sort of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:04:55.850 --> 00:05:02.150 billiard balls that are hard and have edges and you know nothing can penetrate them but as 00:05:02.150 --> 00:05:10.400 interconnected and fluid while at the same time often containing things that are radically different 00:05:10.400 --> 00:05:17.600 from other things you know so with this kind of notion of culture in mind let's just quickly go 00:05:17.600 --> 00:05:25.550 through some of the key arguments that he presents in this article so the concept he uses here NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:05:25.550 --> 00:05:34.800 which is perhaps a bit unfamiliar is that of accommodation as in you know you're using something to 00:05:34.800 --> 00:05:42.700 accommodate yourself with you know you are accommodating yourself with in this particular first 00:05:42.700 --> 00:05:49.400 instance the existing health care system so an accommodation is of course there's a give-and-take 00:05:49.400 --> 00:05:54.900 you know we're making we're having an agreement that I give you something and you give me something 00:05:54.900 --> 00:05:55.799 and then we're meeting somewhere in NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:05:55.799 --> 00:06:04.800 the middle and so he argues that the outbreak of Ebola caused such a huge local crisis every time 00:06:04.800 --> 00:06:12.400 there was a breach of this particular already existing accommodations that were in place so here in 00:06:12.400 --> 00:06:18.400 the first instance this has to do with the existing sort of western style Health Care system that 00:06:18.400 --> 00:06:25.100 was already in place and that involved doctors and nurses returning bodies of the deceased to the 00:06:25.100 --> 00:06:25.950 local communities NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:06:25.950 --> 00:06:32.400 so that they could then conduct the kinds of rituals that they normally conduct which only involves 00:06:32.400 --> 00:06:38.300 all kinds of rituals involves also touching the body in certain ways maybe even involves taking body 00:06:38.300 --> 00:06:46.400 parts and whatnot and so this was suddenly because of the outbreak of a ebola was suddenly changed 00:06:46.400 --> 00:06:54.400 so the bodies were suddenly taken and more or less very unceremoniously dumped into the ground you 00:06:54.400 --> 00:06:55.900 can see a picture here NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:06:55.900 --> 00:07:03.650 of one of these funerals in quotation mark were a body of the deceased person is just taken in by 00:07:03.650 --> 00:07:12.800 heavily disguised not equipped medical personnel that is just burying this body really quickly in 00:07:12.800 --> 00:07:22.100 order to avoid spreading the disease even further and Fairhead argues here that Mortuary 00:07:22.100 --> 00:07:26.200 practices are not simply concerned with the disposal of the body NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:07:26.200 --> 00:07:31.800 he says they are fundamental to the future of the disease their relatives the wider community 00:07:31.800 --> 00:07:39.000 and the environment so there are culturally accepted ways of dealing with a body and so when these 00:07:39.000 --> 00:07:47.100 Healthcare facilities that popped up around the spread of Ebola sought to exert control over the 00:07:47.100 --> 00:07:55.799 dead body they were intruding into this most fundamental arena of social practice and anxiety so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:07:55.799 --> 00:08:02.100 in a nutshell there was a red line that was crossed and then there was social conflict and sometimes 00:08:02.100 --> 00:08:10.500 even violent outbursts that occurred as a result in Guinea now as a second breach of accommodation 00:08:10.500 --> 00:08:19.200 he talks about political organisation here and he says that the outbreak of Ebola also meant that 00:08:19.200 --> 00:08:26.200 there was a lot of resources brought into a rather resource for country like Guinea NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:08:26.200 --> 00:08:34.600 and then allocated to elites in these communities that were often not of the majority population so 00:08:34.600 --> 00:08:41.600 you basically had a complete reshuffling of you know the political order that was in place and which 00:08:41.600 --> 00:08:50.000 wasn't intentional but it was the sort of an unintended consequence of this Health Care crisis and 00:08:50.000 --> 00:08:55.750 the kind of money and resources and medical personnel and military personnel as you can NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:08:55.750 --> 00:09:01.900 see this picture as well that was sent into this region to help stop the transmission of this 00:09:01.900 --> 00:09:09.400 disease and so he says here in a nutshell in a democracy an accommodation with political opponents 00:09:09.400 --> 00:09:16.000 is the norm and yet in this region is a highly precarious one so there's a lot of tensions that were 00:09:16.000 --> 00:09:22.600 already in place here he's saying in several aspects of the Ebola response disrupted it bio 00:09:22.600 --> 00:09:25.849 politics then became political so something that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:09:25.849 --> 00:09:31.600 really supposed to be about the Health Care system and sort of again stopping a disease from 00:09:31.600 --> 00:09:39.349 spreading became a political moment and again that meant a red line was crossed and then local 00:09:39.349 --> 00:09:46.800 communities reacted with resistance and then the final breach of accommodation there are 00:09:46.800 --> 00:09:55.750 outlines here has to do with antisocial behavior so he talks here about what is considered social NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:09:55.750 --> 00:10:04.900 versus antisocial behaviour and also notions around witchcraft so ebola he argues is very much a 00:10:04.900 --> 00:10:12.500 disease of the social so it effects those of society the most who are willing to be out there to go to 00:10:12.500 --> 00:10:18.700 funerals to weddings to all kinds of rituals people also who care for each other who take care of 00:10:18.700 --> 00:10:24.200 children who take care of the elderly people who touch each other physically were the ones who were 00:10:24.200 --> 00:10:25.950 often first affected NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:10:25.950 --> 00:10:35.600 and also the ones who were mostly amongst the dead unfortunately and so those who really avoided all 00:10:35.600 --> 00:10:41.200 of this he says those who avoided tend to be loners who withdraw socially they do not attend 00:10:41.200 --> 00:10:47.700 funerals and other ceremonies and they're wary of touching others which you know according to the 00:10:47.700 --> 00:10:55.400 local cultural standards in place was usually a sign this is a which this person does not you know 00:10:55.400 --> 00:10:55.750 want to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:10:55.750 --> 00:11:01.700 touch you this person stays away in their own in their own room all the time we don't know what 00:11:01.700 --> 00:11:07.800 they're up to in there so there was all these social indications of who is a good member of society 00:11:07.800 --> 00:11:16.600 and who isn't that were suddenly overthrown and then also so basically he's arguing here that Ebola 00:11:16.600 --> 00:11:24.700 really stepped into a a Minefield when it comes to understanding is what is social and anti-social 00:11:24.700 --> 00:11:25.599 Behaviour NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:25.599 --> 00:11:31.800 and suddenly you have you know medical personnel sort of encouraging people to behave like which is 00:11:31.800 --> 00:11:37.700 normally do which is to retreat socially from everyone in order to protect themselves from spreading 00:11:37.700 --> 00:11:44.800 this disease now you can see also with this particular issue of this breach of accommodation 00:11:44.800 --> 00:11:54.500 here around what is witchcraft and what is good social behaviour sort of resonances with the covid-19 00:11:54.500 --> 00:11:55.750 crisis of course NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:55.750 --> 00:12:02.600 I mean we have used this very interesting phrase of course over the last year and a half or 00:12:02.600 --> 00:12:11.200 so of social distancing in order to show you know you if you want to suddenly be a good person you 00:12:11.200 --> 00:12:16.850 want to show that you can socially distance whereas of course previously the understanding was more 00:12:16.850 --> 00:12:24.100 to stay distant of others to not greet them to not hug them to not you know also shake hands I mean 00:12:24.100 --> 00:12:25.750 was considered strange NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:25.750 --> 00:12:33.550 Behaviour in many places of the world including around here and similarly of course the issue of 00:12:33.550 --> 00:12:42.200 funerals or also how to deal with human beings in the last hours of their lives this was a very 00:12:42.200 --> 00:12:50.400 painful and complex upheaval in many ways during this recent crisis when suddenly relatives were no 00:12:50.400 --> 00:12:55.550 longer allowed to attend to their own relatives to their family NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:12:55.550 --> 00:13:01.900 Members to their brothers sisters children what not who were dying of this disease but you couldn't 00:13:01.900 --> 00:13:08.700 get close to them you couldn't touch them you could probably even only talk to them via Zoom or 00:13:08.700 --> 00:13:13.900 cell phone or whatnot without being able to really be there physically with them. So a lot of things 00:13:13.900 --> 00:13:20.400 that you know Fairhead discusses here have I think very strong resonances with some of the things 00:13:20.400 --> 00:13:24.650 that we've recently all experienced as well in my view NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:13:24.650 --> 00:13:37.200 Now to return to the central argument of this article so Fairhead basically sums up in the 00:13:37.200 --> 00:13:43.900 conclusion of his article his understanding of culture again and how cultures interact with each 00:13:43.900 --> 00:13:50.300 other in times of globalisation which is of course why we've been reading this article so he says 00:13:50.300 --> 00:13:55.050 this article takes as its starting point the existence NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:13:55.050 --> 00:14:03.450 of interpenetrating multicultural world's rather than singular cultures so again he does not say 00:14:03.450 --> 00:14:11.000 cultures are things in themselves that are completely rounded off and without you know any chance to 00:14:11.000 --> 00:14:18.850 cross verbally to interact with each other so in his view cultures are very very fluid phenomena 00:14:18.850 --> 00:14:24.900 they that bleed into each other and blend and whatnot so the intention here was not to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:14:24.900 --> 00:14:31.600 Examine the Ebola debacle as a clash of cultures but rather to understand the ways in which the 00:14:31.600 --> 00:14:39.450 Ebola response undermined practices of accommodation that enable globally integrated living 00:14:39.450 --> 00:14:48.000 practices they permit he says radically unequal even ontologically incompatible world's to co-exist 00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:55.050 pragmatically so these accommodations again the easiest example NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:14:55.050 --> 00:15:02.200 of the Guinea sort of the health care system that's in place using sort of Western understandings of 00:15:02.200 --> 00:15:10.700 medicine accommodating to local understandings around healing around Witchcraft and whatnot by 00:15:10.700 --> 00:15:18.800 giving bodies back to to people who want to do the right kinds of rituals with them and so this kind 00:15:18.800 --> 00:15:24.400 of accommodation that went both ways people willing to go to hospitals because they knew that if 00:15:24.400 --> 00:15:24.950 someone NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:15:24.950 --> 00:15:30.300 Dies they will get the body back to do the right thing with them these accommodations i'll 00:15:30.300 --> 00:15:38.950 breaking down and so he says if any cultural differences can be discerned so if they can be made out 00:15:38.950 --> 00:15:46.300 in these stories that he's telling this article they really become apparent most visible in these 00:15:46.300 --> 00:15:53.800 transgressive acts so basically what he's arguing is that we see culture in quotation marks really 00:15:53.800 --> 00:15:55.250 only emerging NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:55.250 --> 00:16:01.600 when it pushes against the boundary and it's not necessarily the boundary of another culture but 00:16:01.600 --> 00:16:07.700 it's the boundary of okay we've established that we can accommodate each other like this but then 00:16:07.700 --> 00:16:12.700 suddenly this other culture pushes you over there and then this is when you really like okay but 00:16:12.700 --> 00:16:16.900 that's enough now and now I'm resisting because I've had it with you know pushing me in this 00:16:16.900 --> 00:16:25.050 direction and so basically this is what happened according to this article and why people basically NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:16:25.050 --> 00:16:32.400 Responded often also with violence to you know let's say nurses coming into a village and then you know we 00:16:32.400 --> 00:16:39.000 had these violent incidences on occasion where people were just trying to help in these local 00:16:39.000 --> 00:16:47.100 situations but were met with complete lack of trust but sometimes even outright violence in their 00:16:47.100 --> 00:16:55.150 attempt to stop the transmission of this deadly disease and just to make a quick link over NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:55.150 --> 00:17:04.099 now to something else you were supposed to read this week which is the chapter of Thomas Holland Eriksens 00:17:04.099 --> 00:17:12.000 this book so I'm talking about the chapter on ethnicity here in the textbook and so Thomas starts 00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:19.599 this particular chapter with a discussion of Anthony P Cohen and I've got the quote here which is my 00:17:19.599 --> 00:17:25.250 picture out of the way so Anthony P Cohen in the introduction to this NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:17:25.250 --> 00:17:32.900 chapter and ethnicity by Thomas Holland Eriksen and he says that people become aware of their culture 00:17:32.900 --> 00:17:40.100 when they stand at its boundaries when they encounter other cultures or when they become aware of 00:17:40.100 --> 00:17:47.800 other ways of doing things or merely of contradictions to their own culture so in a way that's very 00:17:47.800 --> 00:17:55.100 similar kind of argument to the one that Fairhead makes in his intervention which is really NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:17:55.100 --> 00:18:04.300 that cultures are not a thing that's completely bounded and rounded off and you know over here but 00:18:04.300 --> 00:18:10.900 it's a thing that can really connect with other cultures very easily and it's often with in the 00:18:10.900 --> 00:18:16.800 encounter with other cultures that suddenly it becomes important you know all this is not how we do 00:18:16.800 --> 00:18:22.700 things around here you know you're never aware of that unless you see someone do it differently so 00:18:22.700 --> 00:18:25.350 do have a look at that chapter as well of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:18:25.350 --> 00:18:33.200 Thomas Hylland Eriksens book because I think it's very illuminative it helps you understand the 00:18:33.200 --> 00:18:42.400 arguments presented by fairhead in this article I think now I want to end again with covid-19 sort 00:18:42.400 --> 00:18:51.100 of make a circle here I've taken the issue of masking here just to remind us that there has been a 00:18:51.100 --> 00:18:55.000 lot of discussions around culture and what is culturally NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:18:55.000 --> 00:19:02.200 suitable at the beginning of the outbreak of covid-19 also in our corner of the world if you 00:19:02.200 --> 00:19:08.400 remember sort of in the spring of 2020 there was a lot of public debates around whether or not it 00:19:08.400 --> 00:19:17.300 would be culturally acceptable to wear masks and so just a very quick look at some of the Articles 00:19:17.300 --> 00:19:25.350 here that have been shared recently online you can see here cultural reasons for wearing masks NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:19:25.350 --> 00:19:31.700 as something that is nowadays discussed in journals like hospital practices and research or in 00:19:31.700 --> 00:19:39.000 cultural psychology and what not so just as a short reminder here that again covid-19 has triggered 00:19:39.000 --> 00:19:46.199 a number of discussions around culture as well that we may have to continue for years to come here 00:19:46.199 --> 00:19:48.600 thank you