WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:00:01.799 --> 00:00:13.600 all right so we remember now Jennifer Lopez saying to us my love don't cost a thing or as Beatles 00:00:13.600 --> 00:00:25.300 put it You Can't Buy Me Love we could put this in terms known better to economic anthropology and 00:00:25.300 --> 00:00:31.200 now moving onwards to Fredrik Barth and his texts NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:00:31.200 --> 00:00:34.850 and we would say that there seems to be a sphere NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:00:34.850 --> 00:00:43.800 of human interaction where cash does not serve as a medium of exchange at the main of human 00:00:43.800 --> 00:00:49.400 interaction where money doesn't get you anywhere. Remember again the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:00:49.500 --> 00:00:56.400 clip from The Godfather how much shall I pay you says Bonasera to The Godfather Vito 00:00:56.400 --> 00:01:05.700 Corleone and he says in a sense no way there's nothing you can pay me in terms of money your money is 00:01:05.700 --> 00:01:13.900 no good here he says to Bonasera we're doing gift exchange not commodity exchanged remember. Barth 00:01:14.300 --> 00:01:19.300 adds to our understanding of economic NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:01:19.300 --> 00:01:20.700 life NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:01:20.700 --> 00:01:29.700 by introducing for us and the syllabus the concept of an economic sphere NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:01:29.700 --> 00:01:39.400 okay so you can add this to the list of your concepts if you have one of those lists we're getting a 00:01:39.400 --> 00:01:47.300 pretty rich tool kit here, you know we talked about this before we talked about moral economy now 00:01:47.300 --> 00:01:52.800 we have economic spheres it's another tool kit that you can NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:01:52.800 --> 00:02:02.300 you can use in order to understand something break open some kind of a pattern produce an 00:02:02.300 --> 00:02:03.900 insight. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:02:04.100 --> 00:02:15.300 so what is Barths text about? well you can read yourselves I think even though it's a very kind of a 00:02:15.300 --> 00:02:20.100 crisp old school text NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:02:20.100 --> 00:02:27.750 it is also very straightforward there's not much mumbo jumbo let's say NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:02:27.750 --> 00:02:36.500 Barth he studied the mountainous food region in southern Sudan here it is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:02:36.700 --> 00:02:47.900 and basically what he is describing is and make note of this, this is a mixed subsistence and cash 00:02:47.900 --> 00:03:00.150 economy that is undergoing change. So something between a pure subsistence peasant lifestyle as we 00:03:00.150 --> 00:03:06.300 read about for example in the text James Scott NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:03:06.300 --> 00:03:14.750 but neither is it a kind of a fully-fledged to the extent that you can use that term a fully-fledged NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:14.750 --> 00:03:17.300 market economy NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:17.600 --> 00:03:23.000 it's a mixed subsistence and cash economy undergoing social change NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:03:23.000 --> 00:03:35.399 so Barth in his characteristic way lays out the elements of food economy in very clear terms he says 00:03:35.399 --> 00:03:41.900 and notice here the common ground with the other text on the syllabus there are basic institutions 00:03:41.900 --> 00:03:45.100 in food culture from which NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:45.100 --> 00:03:48.700 forms in the economy may be derived NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:03:48.700 --> 00:03:58.100 that has to do with the basic unit of production and consumption size and composition of the 00:03:58.100 --> 00:03:59.400 households NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:03:59.400 --> 00:04:04.550 forms of ownership of land how labor is organised NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:04:04.550 --> 00:04:13.800 as well as weekly markets where cash circulates and is used as a medium of exchange so let's go 00:04:13.800 --> 00:04:17.300 through these step by step. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:04:19.399 --> 00:04:26.500 Now first the unit the kind of the basic unit of the food economy what is the unit of production 00:04:26.500 --> 00:04:28.400 and consumption here NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:04:28.500 --> 00:04:40.600 Barth suggested the basic cultural unit of management of economic affairs is in this society the 00:04:40.600 --> 00:04:41.900 individual NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:04:41.900 --> 00:04:48.700 not a household, so notice you can say that in a sense he has a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:04:51.800 --> 00:04:59.000 a model at the heart of his analysis or an expectation at the heart of 00:04:59.000 --> 00:05:01.600 his analysis NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:05:01.700 --> 00:05:10.400 that is the basis of his analysis is an individual who else on the syllabus has this as a starting 00:05:10.400 --> 00:05:20.900 point? despite vast differences between Barth and most examples you would find a neoclassical 00:05:20.900 --> 00:05:24.600 economics there is a link here NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:05:24.900 --> 00:05:33.200 but Barth would say this is just me describing what things are like it is actually the fact that 00:05:33.200 --> 00:05:43.800 individuals functions as the key economic unit in society there are reciprocal obligations 00:05:43.800 --> 00:05:48.750 between kin and between husbands and wives NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:05:48.750 --> 00:05:53.250 but each individual works on each NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:05:53.250 --> 00:06:03.600 their own process of land and is he says the basic economic unit for consumption and 00:06:03.600 --> 00:06:05.200 production. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:06:06.300 --> 00:06:21.500 Okay we already mentioned second element here, land. Barth describes land as being held by nominally patrilineal 00:06:21.500 --> 00:06:30.000 Loosely structured descent groups. However, individuals again are given use rights 00:06:30.000 --> 00:06:33.549 over particular pieces of land until they abandon it. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:06:33.549 --> 00:06:44.799 There is no rent in the traditional sense that we know it of land is not a fully-fledged 00:06:44.799 --> 00:06:54.950 commodity. There are ways in which people who get to use a piece of land is supposed to give 00:06:54.950 --> 00:07:00.300 certain one pot of beer or whatever to the title holder NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:07:01.900 --> 00:07:12.250 That is organised through the descent group but there is no rent, there's no way to purchase 00:07:12.250 --> 00:07:21.549 land at least not on a large scale not yet, he describe these changes but traditionally NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:07:21.549 --> 00:07:30.600 land is transferred and allocated according to need rather than inheritance. So land is rather 00:07:30.600 --> 00:07:38.600 plentiful in Fur society it's not a commodity yet and you get to use 00:07:38.600 --> 00:07:46.000 land based on your need, so basically everyone can have access and right to land. These are the second 00:07:46.000 --> 00:07:47.550 element of his NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:07:47.550 --> 00:07:50.800 analysis labor NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:07:52.700 --> 00:08:01.200 remember JLo and the Beatles singing about how you Can't Buy Me Love NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 66% (MEDIUM) 00:08:02.100 --> 00:08:10.400 in Fur society it is shameful to buy or to sell labor NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:08:10.600 --> 00:08:19.700 there's a value here again values there's a value of honour and shame as an example of of 00:08:19.700 --> 00:08:25.000 an ethnographic take on the question of value. Their customary prohibitions on things that can and 00:08:25.000 --> 00:08:29.700 cannot be exchanged, money can't buy you labor NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:08:31.299 --> 00:08:37.299 it's considered shameful to work for wages. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:08:38.600 --> 00:08:48.000 So how do you get people to work? you know you can't resolve all your troubles all your projects 00:08:48.000 --> 00:08:58.000 necessarily individually how do you work collectively in this society? well you throw a party 00:08:58.000 --> 00:09:07.000 basically but primarily to you get people to build or to fix your house NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:09:08.700 --> 00:09:17.500 or partly also to work on the land and cultivate the land by inviting them to beer parties NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:26.000 and notice how these parties are organized, you can think of it in terms of the 00:09:26.000 --> 00:09:35.900 Norwegian 'dugnad' you invite people and they are often your kin or friends or perhaps 00:09:35.900 --> 00:09:43.300 neighbours and there's an expectation that you provide something for them but it's not a payment but 00:09:43.300 --> 00:09:45.650 you invite them and you give them beer NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:09:45.650 --> 00:09:54.900 and the party aspect of the event makes it so that the organiser of the the labour party cannot 00:09:54.900 --> 00:10:05.200 really coordinate the labor efficiency, people you can imagine get drunk or work well in the 00:10:05.200 --> 00:10:08.700 beginning and not so well as things go on NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:10:08.700 --> 00:10:16.100 and crucially there's no money exchanging hands in this organization of labor you cannot accumulate 00:10:16.100 --> 00:10:22.700 cash by working more because there's there no salaries and you cannot accumulate wealth by paying 00:10:22.700 --> 00:10:30.500 more people to work for you either, because you only have access to labor through NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:31.400 --> 00:10:36.600 exchanging it with beer NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:36.600 --> 00:10:39.200 which has certain limits NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:10:39.200 --> 00:10:47.500 beer is what you give to people according to a logic that it has more to do with gift exchange in a 00:10:47.500 --> 00:10:56.500 sense than being a straight-up payment it is reciprocal matter, you mobilize people 00:10:56.500 --> 00:11:05.000 to go to your beer party for work party and then they expect you to come to theirs. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:11:05.000 --> 00:11:14.850 it has both an element of market exchange there is an exchange here but also a kind of a Kula 00:11:14.850 --> 00:11:29.700 element a gift logicm its reciprocal ties people in to long-term relationships and leads to 00:11:29.700 --> 00:11:31.750 expectations NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:31.750 --> 00:11:35.850 of people reciprocating. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:11:35.850 --> 00:11:44.600 Just like as when you invite a friend over to help you with let's say moving from one apartment to 00:11:44.600 --> 00:11:52.900 the next there's an expectation that perhaps you provide some pizza or you buy a few beers and few 00:11:52.900 --> 00:12:00.300 months later or even years later at way if you hear that of that person who is moving house you feel 00:12:00.300 --> 00:12:06.100 the spirit of the gift you feel the obligation to say hey I heard NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:06.100 --> 00:12:12.400 heard you're moving it's time for me to help you or you would you'd feel certain calling so there is 00:12:12.400 --> 00:12:20.300 a reciprocal gift logic to this way of organising labor. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:12:20.300 --> 00:12:29.000 Fourth there is cash in circulation in this economy, Barth describes a well-organized system of 00:12:29.000 --> 00:12:39.150 marketplaces where you use mone, all these Darfur communities are within walking distance of 00:12:39.150 --> 00:12:45.900 markets where hundreds attend daily you have middlemen trading for profit and this is an accepted 00:12:45.900 --> 00:12:47.200 part of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:12:47.200 --> 00:12:49.050 human life. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:49.050 --> 00:12:58.700 In this market sphere you sell your agricultural products but not importantly not beer because that 00:12:58.700 --> 00:13:09.200 is frowned upon considered something that is supposed to be outside the market sphere it's more of a 00:13:09.200 --> 00:13:17.100 gift to give to the participants of your labour party but you sell textiles you sell tools, you buy 00:13:17.100 --> 00:13:19.700 tools goats livestock NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:13:19.700 --> 00:13:23.349 you can grow fruit to sell on a market NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:13:23.349 --> 00:13:28.700 you cannot buy labor on a market with money. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:41.250 In conclusion you have here partly a cash economy but not a wage labor market, result is he describes 00:13:41.250 --> 00:13:51.400 in this is a much more complex model in the paper itself it includes pilgrimage to the Mecca and so 00:13:51.400 --> 00:13:57.900 on but just to simplify for our purposes here, you have a description of two separate economic 00:13:57.900 --> 00:13:58.849 spheres. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:13:58.849 --> 00:14:02.450 There is the beer, labor, wives nexus NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:14:02.450 --> 00:14:15.000 where you mobilise labor by giving people beer that your wife brewed and this you used to build 00:14:15.000 --> 00:14:16.500 houses NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:14:16.500 --> 00:14:25.700 and to get things done on your land and then you have the market sphere where you trade agricultural 00:14:25.700 --> 00:14:27.150 products NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:27.150 --> 00:14:29.700 fruit NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:14:30.200 --> 00:14:33.800 but not labor as a commodity NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:14:34.500 --> 00:14:44.700 textiles but but there's no way of accessing labor through the market so there's a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:14:45.700 --> 00:14:54.900 distinction here, these are two economic spheres and by the way this term of economic spheres is 00:14:54.900 --> 00:15:04.100 something that Barth draws up and very much in dialogue with Bohannan or his text with the Til 00:15:04.100 --> 00:15:06.349 in Nigeria NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:15:06.349 --> 00:15:12.000 if someone remembers that, but that is the kind of debates and you'll read more about this in the 00:15:12.000 --> 00:15:21.100 Heart and Hann textbook but that is kind of the debate that was going on in anthropology in the 00:15:21.100 --> 00:15:30.400 sixties and which is still I think quite helpful what are the implications of this system. Well we 00:15:30.400 --> 00:15:36.450 have here description of multiple sources of value NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:15:36.450 --> 00:15:48.950 okay land and labor markets cash and Barth is taking in this total social setting NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:15:48.950 --> 00:15:51.950 in order to understand what value is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:15:51.950 --> 00:16:03.600 geography ecology institutions of Fur culture that is the first thing to notice and secondly this 00:16:03.600 --> 00:16:12.600 is a system that where resultingly it is hard to accumulate wealth riches because they are certain 00:16:12.600 --> 00:16:19.550 checks on wealth accumulation. The soil that you grow on your own NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:16:19.550 --> 00:16:25.150 you exchange beer for labor power you get people to work on it you get people to build their house 00:16:25.150 --> 00:16:33.300 to help you fix things, and you can even grow your own food and 00:16:33.300 --> 00:16:38.750 have your wife make beer so that people can come and work for you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:16:38.750 --> 00:16:46.800 and you can even use this labor power to grow crops that you can sell in the market but with the 00:16:46.800 --> 00:16:50.450 money that you earn you can't buy more labor power NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:16:50.450 --> 00:16:57.600 so money is not worth all that much, because you cannot use it to buy labor power. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:57.800 --> 00:17:05.300 But then, Barth is always known NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:17:05.300 --> 00:17:12.650 for his interest in describing changes social change systemic changes. This is one of Barth's 00:17:12.650 --> 00:17:18.599 trademarks, he describes NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:17:18.599 --> 00:17:30.300 the way some people innovate and find ways to take advantage to convert value between these spheres 00:17:30.300 --> 00:17:38.650 ways that the model is put under pressure people find ways of converting value between these spheres, 00:17:38.650 --> 00:17:44.450 and this you notice is unlike the situation that is described by James Scott NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:17:44.450 --> 00:17:51.300 with his fear of risks attached to innovation NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:17:52.700 --> 00:18:07.100 He sees two kind of brewing elements of social change here, first is Orchard 00:18:07.100 --> 00:18:14.400 development tree crops are when people get NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:24.100 rights to use a land they can start planting trees and create orchards tree crops are more 00:18:24.100 --> 00:18:26.550 suitable for cash cropping NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:18:26.550 --> 00:18:37.500 and you grow trees on your land and you can do that on a larger scale and make and convert that 00:18:37.500 --> 00:18:48.550 into profit on the market because you can sell agricultural products on the market and with the 00:18:48.550 --> 00:18:55.950 development of these orchards they stay on the land long, new crops they live longer and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:18:55.950 --> 00:19:00.150 they kind of tend to make the land useless to others. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:00.150 --> 00:19:11.100 So what he sees here is that there's an emergence of landscape involving what he calls alienating 00:19:11.100 --> 00:19:19.100 rights held in trust so Barth kind of takes a few steps into the direction where he says that there 00:19:19.100 --> 00:19:29.699 are we have an emerging market for land as a result of the shift towards planting long NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:19:29.699 --> 00:19:42.200 long living trees and finding ways to use orchards to produce crops that for exchange rather than 00:19:42.200 --> 00:19:50.500 just for your own use again we did the distinction that we talked about earlier. There's a production 00:19:50.500 --> 00:19:52.350 for exchange NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:19:52.350 --> 00:20:01.350 rather than a production for use that leads to pressure on land rights as use rights NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:20:01.350 --> 00:20:08.800 Land is on the verge perhaps of becoming a commodity of the becoming private property. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:20:11.000 --> 00:20:16.500 So they're shifting attitudes towards land as a result of this development. Second NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:20:16.500 --> 00:20:28.150 we call this when I studied SOSANT1300 we called this the Tomato Man piece NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:20:28.150 --> 00:20:36.500 it's just a few paragraphs towards the end of the text where Barth describes what he calls 00:20:36.500 --> 00:20:46.600 an entrepreneur, an entrepreneur is a person who who finds a way to convert between economic spheres NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:20:46.600 --> 00:20:55.600 and the Tomato Man is an Arab trader who comes and settles on the land and he 00:20:55.600 --> 00:21:07.200 gets land use rights 00:21:07.200 --> 00:21:14.200 Just asking for it so he comes from far away he carries lots of cheap produce with which he can 00:21:14.200 --> 00:21:16.700 make beer he's bought NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:21:16.700 --> 00:21:23.700 is it millet I think it's called or whatever you use to produce beer he's bought that in the 00:21:23.700 --> 00:21:32.700 lowlands for very cheap and he starts to do something genius, he invites people to these 00:21:32.700 --> 00:21:44.400 lavish beer parties he makes beer with his wife in order to get people to work 00:21:44.400 --> 00:21:45.900 for him NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:21:47.000 --> 00:21:56.100 but he invites people to plow the soil for him, to work the soil for him and produce tomatoes 00:21:56.100 --> 00:22:03.800 not built his house and he increases his tomato production incredibly, he exploits the beer 00:22:03.800 --> 00:22:10.300 reciprocal system to increase the production NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:22:10.300 --> 00:22:19.800 his agricultural production of tomatoes. So he finds a way to convert the beer mobilized 00:22:19.800 --> 00:22:26.600 labor into market for profit which he then can use to buy more wheat or millet or whatever it is that 00:22:26.600 --> 00:22:28.750 you use to make beer NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:22:28.750 --> 00:22:36.100 so he comes with certain agricultural products that he uses to create a labor force 00:22:36.100 --> 00:22:37.450 basically NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:22:37.450 --> 00:22:45.050 that he uses to produce tomatoes that he then goes to the markets and sell. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:22:45.050 --> 00:22:51.800 So he's finding a way to convert between these two spheres. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:22:52.900 --> 00:23:06.400 All right go into this text and have a look at it yourself and try to again compare and use it to 00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:16.900 compare and to see some of the patterns and also think critically about the foundation's the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:23:16.900 --> 00:23:25.700 models that Barth is working with here, his expectation of what a human being is what economic 00:23:25.700 --> 00:23:33.900 motivation is there's ample room for getting inspired but also perhaps for critiquing this 00:23:33.900 --> 00:23:45.300 text that is for you to do in the seminars, and in your study groups. But notice the similarity here 00:23:45.300 --> 00:23:46.750 with this text and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:23:46.750 --> 00:23:51.600 and indeed all the ethnographic text so far, they share something. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:23:51.600 --> 00:24:00.800 Namely these three elements that we talked about earlier. Researchers find the keys to explanation of 00:24:00.800 --> 00:24:02.199 the pattern NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:24:02.199 --> 00:24:11.250 at the level of a given place with a certain Dynamic a local context and you need to understand the 00:24:11.250 --> 00:24:17.600 context of say the trobriand islands in order to understand the Kula trade you need to understand 00:24:17.600 --> 00:24:24.500 The geology the ecology the cultural institutions of the food, in order to understand how value 00:24:24.500 --> 00:24:29.400 circulates and functions within their economic system, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:24:29.400 --> 00:24:37.200 and as we'll see in the next few minutes in the next recording anthropologists can put any place to 00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:44.400 this test of ethnography, can put even a place like a modern stock market in London and 00:24:44.400 --> 00:24:55.350 Chicago to the same test. studying stockbroking as much as we would study say the trobriand islands NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:24:55.350 --> 00:25:04.800 or the mixed subsistence and cash economy in southern Sudan.