WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:02:00.300 --> 00:02:03.500 Yes now NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 00:02:03.500 --> 00:02:06.100 Right NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:02:13.300 --> 00:02:18.600 Yes okay good NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:02:18.800 --> 00:02:22.650 Can you hear me? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:02:22.650 --> 00:02:25.000 Hi everyone NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:02:25.000 --> 00:02:34.600 Let's see it's just a sound issue but I think we fixed it. As usual I sound like God when I speak 00:02:34.600 --> 00:02:43.050 into this microphone so bear with me, I'll try and speak slowly clearly okay. Hey we're bit more 00:02:43.050 --> 00:02:51.600 people than last time that's nice. Feel free to come closer if you want to hear better or avoid the 00:02:51.600 --> 00:02:54.750 god effect from the speakers just make your NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:02:54.750 --> 00:03:03.600 way over here in the break, but welcome to this class again I'm fairly certain that you are students 00:03:03.600 --> 00:03:10.100 in anthropology I recognise you now I won't be doing any experiments as you saw here before we got 00:03:10.100 --> 00:03:16.300 here but I think we're going to have a bit of fun today actually I know that's a very bold thing to 00:03:16.300 --> 00:03:23.100 say of a lecture but I wouldn't say it if I didn't think that I could kind of deliver a little 00:03:23.100 --> 00:03:24.500 bit. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:25.200 --> 00:03:34.100 So as usual let me try to see if we can sum up a few lessons. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:03:35.900 --> 00:03:45.500 They want the cameras to see me on zoom, how do we do that. It's not all that interesting 00:03:45.500 --> 00:03:55.600 to see. I'll try fix that in the break sorry yeah now we just messed it up okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:03:56.300 --> 00:04:05.100 As usual let's take one step back and then you know in order to 00:04:05.100 --> 00:04:13.300 proceed to steps forward okay. So to sum up a few of the concepts that we've been working on and see 00:04:13.300 --> 00:04:21.649 how we can relate to that through the topic of today which is money and exchange so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:04:21.649 --> 00:04:33.650 I thought I'd tell you a story when my ex her name is Ingrid she she worked before she 00:04:33.650 --> 00:04:42.500 quit that job she worked in something called Imdi or let's just say state office and 00:04:42.500 --> 00:04:49.900 there was a person there who was a little bit older than her we just had a kid she was one years old 00:04:49.900 --> 00:04:51.150 and this NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:04:51.150 --> 00:04:58.100 colleague she came up to her with something I think we can all recognise very kind of a normal 00:04:58.100 --> 00:05:03.400 thing to happen, she came to her with a bag of clothes it was baby clothes I didn't find on Google I 00:05:03.400 --> 00:05:10.000 tried to find the picture of baby clothes and bags but I didn't. So just imagine these are baby 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:17.800 clothes okay and she has happened very usually they have someone who has a little bit of an older 00:05:17.800 --> 00:05:21.400 child and she then wants to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:05:21.400 --> 00:05:28.150 give away the clothes that she's grown out of, and Ingrid receives this bag NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:05:28.150 --> 00:05:36.600 and what happens then drumroll. I think you all know now students of economic anthropology NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:05:37.600 --> 00:05:45.950 she feels something when she receives a gift okay, the spirit of the gift the hau that Marcel Mauss 00:05:45.950 --> 00:05:54.800 Talks about. This is what happens when you engage in gift exchange remember again I speak of this I 00:05:54.800 --> 00:05:59.200 wonder if you know whenever there's a lecture I always thought like they have one thing that they 00:05:59.200 --> 00:06:04.200 always come back then it gets a little bit tiring, I think my thing in this course is the 00:06:04.200 --> 00:06:08.450 thing with the Vito Corleone from Godfather. Remember NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:06:08.450 --> 00:06:16.100 Vito Corleone in The Godfather rhetorically redefining their interaction away from the commodity 00:06:16.100 --> 00:06:21.850 logic by saying to Bonasera kind of putting one arm over his shoulder saying you know 00:06:21.850 --> 00:06:26.900 accept this as a gift on my daughter's wedding day and one day and that's a famous line one day and 00:06:26.900 --> 00:06:32.600 that day may never come I will call upon you to do a service for me and as the movie progresses he 00:06:32.600 --> 00:06:38.250 actually does that so she feels immediately boom there's a gift exchange I have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:06:38.250 --> 00:06:43.700 to give something back okay. This is one of the three obligations of the gift as we know from Marcel 00:06:43.700 --> 00:06:52.000 Mauss to give to receive it would be a lethal insults to not receive 00:06:52.000 --> 00:06:56.400 actually I think she didn't even need this bag og clothes, but you have to receive it 00:06:56.400 --> 00:07:02.500 that's part of the morality of the gift and you have to also reciprocate give back, and then this is 00:07:02.500 --> 00:07:07.100 kind of one of the few things that are not so fun about being in relationships many things that are 00:07:07.100 --> 00:07:08.400 fun and one of the things NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:07:08.400 --> 00:07:15.000 that I find kind of cool is that you have access to these backstage conversations because then she comes 00:07:15.000 --> 00:07:22.200 home and she feels the spirit of the gift and then there's a number of issues. First issue is of course 00:07:22.200 --> 00:07:28.900 the timing issue she wouldn't then when you given a gift run immediately out and get something for 00:07:28.900 --> 00:07:34.750 her and then give it back so there's a delayed exchange right, this is also something that separates 00:07:34.750 --> 00:07:38.600 the gift from the commodity in NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:07:38.600 --> 00:07:45.600 what we know from especially from Chris Gregory. So there's a delayed exchange there's a timing issue 00:07:45.600 --> 00:07:54.600 can't exchange something immediately as we do in the cash register at REMA1000 okay. The 00:07:54.600 --> 00:08:01.299 commodity logic is about non-reciprocal independence and gift logic is about reciprocal 00:08:01.299 --> 00:08:08.200 interdependence you creating a relationship between people and not so much the relationship between NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:08:08.200 --> 00:08:13.650 objects, the relationship between the people is the core of the gift exchange relationship between 00:08:13.650 --> 00:08:20.000 the object is the kind of the illusion of the commodity exchange. Besides timing of course there was 00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:31.450 a substance issue which is bit closer to this lecture, what could serve as a something to give back 00:08:31.450 --> 00:08:35.500 to this gift. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:08:38.100 --> 00:08:46.600 I am one of those guys who tend to ask stupid questions in relationships but not even I was 00:08:46.600 --> 00:08:52.100 stupid enough to ask this question what about if we just give her some money? okay that would be a 00:08:52.100 --> 00:09:00.250 lethal insult it was clear that she wouldn't just reciprocate this bag of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:09:00.250 --> 00:09:13.599 clothes with cash or with a VIPPS transfer, which would be even in worse. It would be again like 00:09:13.599 --> 00:09:21.600 Buona Sera saying to The Godfather how much shall I pay you to how to do me this service in order 00:09:21.600 --> 00:09:27.900 for you to injure these people who hurt my child and The Godfather says to Bonasera 00:09:27.900 --> 00:09:30.900 what did I ever do to make you treat me so disrespectfully. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:09:30.900 --> 00:09:39.300 We wouldn't just be inappropriate it would be disrespectful to pull out let say 200 kroner I 00:09:39.300 --> 00:09:47.200 found this relic from the past, someone gave it to me and say hey here you go will be lethally 00:09:47.200 --> 00:09:59.100 disrespectful. So we have here perhaps economic sphere remember Fredrik Barth writing about how 00:09:59.100 --> 00:10:00.450 labor among the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:00.450 --> 00:10:12.400 Fur cannot be exchanged for money okay, and we've had various examples of spheres of exchange so 00:10:12.400 --> 00:10:20.300 perhaps we have here at the main of human life that is outside the monetary economy in our society 00:10:20.300 --> 00:10:26.700 okay and that's I think an important reminder is not just these exotic people in Darfur or in the 00:10:26.700 --> 00:10:30.650 trobriand islands again it's about us here now NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:30.650 --> 00:10:34.700 me a few years ago or her. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:10:34.700 --> 00:10:45.700 So we could then imagine create an anthropological 00:10:45.700 --> 00:10:50.600 analysis an economic and ecological analysis of this society that we live in there's a sphere of 00:10:50.600 --> 00:11:01.200 exchange where money just doesn't work you cannot exchange money for certain things baby clothes as 00:11:01.200 --> 00:11:05.700 a gift being one of them and I wondered NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:11:05.700 --> 00:11:13.700 Let's see some hands. Can anyone come up with other things that money ought not to buy 00:11:13.700 --> 00:11:16.000 in our society NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:11:18.900 --> 00:11:28.800 yes *answer from the audience* love yes we've already talked about Jennifer Lopez my love don't 00:11:28.800 --> 00:11:37.600 cost a thing or the Beatles Can't Buy Me Love, intimacy. 00:11:37.600 --> 00:11:46.500 I mean you can perhaps say to complicate things that material that money is implicated in in Love 00:11:46.500 --> 00:11:49.450 Somehow but it is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:11:49.450 --> 00:11:53.150 definitely a cultural ideal. Other things? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:53.150 --> 00:11:55.100 NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:55.500 --> 00:12:07.700 Police Service or you could even say politics? that's the 00:12:07.700 --> 00:12:15.000 discourse around corruption again not necessarily a clear case of this you know there's no such 00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:19.900 thing as money in politics or there's no such thing as money in the police or monetary 00:12:19.900 --> 00:12:26.200 exchanges behind police force decisions but it is very clearly at moral kind of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:26.200 --> 00:12:29.300 Sanction and norm. Others? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:12:29.700 --> 00:12:37.500 you can't buy everything for money even in our society or perhaps that word even is a bit false 00:12:37.500 --> 00:12:44.700 because of course you can buy everything for money in our society. It shouldn't 00:12:44.700 --> 00:12:52.349 be a surprise to students of economic anthropology. Others love, favours, sex is a contentious one 00:12:52.349 --> 00:12:56.900 politics, what about grades? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:56.900 --> 00:12:59.450 Your grades in this course NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:12:59.450 --> 00:13:09.700 is very clearly something that you shouldn't be able to buy okay. So what did my ex end up doing, you 00:13:09.700 --> 00:13:18.600 think? she gave back something else that wasn't money but that serve the purpose which could work 00:13:18.600 --> 00:13:24.800 as a counter gift something that could kind of symbolise the genuine appreciation of this colleague 00:13:24.800 --> 00:13:29.849 care for her instead of a payment and the cutting of pies that money symbolised NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:13:29.849 --> 00:13:37.200 in this context. So she came up with something that was a bottle of wine or I think it was two 00:13:37.200 --> 00:13:42.400 because she came two times with bags. We never used the bags they went straight into the attic 00:13:42.400 --> 00:13:48.900 and then went as a gift to someone else, there was no there was no use for the thing the relation was 00:13:48.900 --> 00:13:55.900 the central concern in this gift exchange as as they are in gift exchanges, but she went to the 00:13:55.900 --> 00:13:59.800 Vinmonopolet got a bottle or two of wine and put it in a gift bag so NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:13:59.800 --> 00:14:08.100 an interesting concept uh there's a little piece of paper that just kind of underlines the fact that 00:14:08.100 --> 00:14:13.150 this is a gift not a commodity. I put it in this gift bag it could have been you know a REMA1000 bag it 00:14:13.150 --> 00:14:17.100 would serve the same function but not symbolically. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:17.100 --> 00:14:19.300 NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:14:19.800 --> 00:14:27.800 So far this has been a step back, and we could also employ a term like 00:14:27.800 --> 00:14:35.700 the moral economy to say that this kind of example shows us how there is a moral underpinning of 00:14:35.700 --> 00:14:42.700 the economic behaviour in economic activity so these are some of the old things that this example 00:14:42.700 --> 00:14:49.650 kind of that we can learn from it, but what new things can we learn NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:14:49.650 --> 00:15:04.300 from the example. The question we will be investigating today is money and money in exchange so 00:15:04.300 --> 00:15:13.300 basically how does money this incredibly popular and resilient social technology how does that 00:15:13.300 --> 00:15:18.900 relate to these concepts and others that we've been discussing in this class so far. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:15:19.700 --> 00:15:26.600 More precisely we look at kind of the anthological debates about what function money played in 00:15:26.600 --> 00:15:29.200 shaping social relationships NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:15:29.500 --> 00:15:39.100 and to start we could ask this question that is kind of suggested from our example and kind of feels 00:15:39.100 --> 00:15:47.600 right from our full conceptions of money is it perhaps something inherent in money that 00:15:47.600 --> 00:15:51.200 undermines morality cooperation and social order? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:15:52.800 --> 00:15:58.300 and from this example we could be tempted in this direction saying you know yes there is something 00:15:58.300 --> 00:16:06.500 about this thing itself if she were to pull it out in front of this woman standing with a bag of 00:16:06.500 --> 00:16:12.600 baby clothes as a gift it would just make things really awkward but something about this technology 00:16:12.600 --> 00:16:21.500 this means of exchange that pollutes social relations undermines the social order NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:16:21.900 --> 00:16:32.800 and the answer that Bloch and Perry in the core text for this week the core theoretical text money 00:16:32.800 --> 00:16:40.400 in the morality of exchange the answer that they spend kind of 30 pages explaining is and maybe it 00:16:40.400 --> 00:16:45.550 surprised you a little bit if you haven't read the text, their answer is no. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:16:45.550 --> 00:16:54.900 There is nothing inherent in money itself it pollutes social relations and in this lecture I'm 00:16:54.900 --> 00:17:02.400 going to tell you why and what they argue instead and how these other texts will 00:17:02.900 --> 00:17:06.950 strengthen that argument or how they relate to that argument. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:17:06.950 --> 00:17:18.750 Bloch and Perry, Maurice Bloch and Jonathan Perry two anthropologists, really well known 00:17:18.750 --> 00:17:27.099 Mega ambitious kind of anthropology that you don't see as much these days NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:17:27.099 --> 00:17:35.000 they have this text is Introduction to an edited volume from 1989 called the money and morality of 00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:40.200 exchange and it's always kind of referenced in economic and fold you whenever money comes up its 00:17:40.200 --> 00:17:46.350 kind a key reference that you see. Read it it's an incredibly ambitious piece of work 00:17:46.350 --> 00:17:53.600 unlike almost anything we read in anthropology today and what can I tell you about this NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:17:53.600 --> 00:18:02.400 idea that they're presenting okay then 00:18:02.400 --> 00:18:10.200 the kind of idea that they're up against is the notion that money creates 00:18:10.200 --> 00:18:17.100 its own revolution it's the kind of gut feeling the gut feeling or the thing that feels a little bit 00:18:17.100 --> 00:18:22.000 right about the example that I gave with a baby clothes that kind of money fucks things up it's like 00:18:22.000 --> 00:18:23.500 ah what is it you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:18:23.500 --> 00:18:32.300 say like money and friendship you can't mix those things like that's going to ruin that's the end of 00:18:32.300 --> 00:18:39.400 it once you bring money into the relationship this kind of it feels as kind of a resonance with the 00:18:39.400 --> 00:18:47.300 full conception or the folk feeling of what money does and they are against this view and they 00:18:47.300 --> 00:18:53.449 Are saying that it comes across in anthropology most famously in the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:18:53.449 --> 00:19:00.300 Text from Bohannan and few other more recent pieces that they discuss. Who here has 00:19:00.300 --> 00:19:03.900 read the Bohannan text about the Tiv and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:19:04.100 --> 00:19:10.800 the brass rods you remember from SOSANT1000. You don't read that anymore? do you know the 00:19:10.800 --> 00:19:12.200 example? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:19:12.200 --> 00:19:25.100 Wow okay. I'll explain that a little bit then okay so the Tiv let's see if we can get a yes 00:19:25.100 --> 00:19:36.300 okay so this is a super famous piece it's about how money gets introduced to the Tiv in 00:19:36.300 --> 00:19:42.250 Nigeria through the colonial conquest and Bohannan NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:19:42.250 --> 00:19:47.300 makes this famous argument that actually Barth is kind of up against I think maybe you remember it 00:19:47.300 --> 00:19:52.500 from the Barth text because he is kind of working with the same analytical framework and criticizing 00:19:52.500 --> 00:19:58.500 it and developing it further, they're basically saying that they had this spheres of 00:19:58.500 --> 00:20:07.500 exchange now we're really testing me well at least I can't remember if brass rods or women were 00:20:07.500 --> 00:20:12.550 At the top anyway they were hierarchically divided and you couldn't NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:20:12.550 --> 00:20:18.100 exchange between them so you can exchange women and marriage and you could exchange like brass 00:20:18.100 --> 00:20:26.550 rods as like objects of prestige and then you had like little things like vegetables and stuff in a 00:20:26.550 --> 00:20:33.700 separate sphere is very similar to what we read from Barth okay and his basic 00:20:33.700 --> 00:20:42.300 point is that when these three spheres they worked because there was there was a conveyances 00:20:42.300 --> 00:20:42.600 you could convey NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:20:42.600 --> 00:20:49.850 value within them but not convert between them, but what money did says Bohannan was it came in and 00:20:49.850 --> 00:20:58.600 provided like a center of reference where by everything became actually commensurate with everything. 00:20:58.600 --> 00:21:05.300 So you could you could use money as a means of exchange to kind of cross these boundaries and 00:21:05.300 --> 00:21:12.200 everything kind of went to hell. Bohannan went and spoke with all the old men in the Tiv society and 00:21:12.200 --> 00:21:12.550 they were very NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:21:12.550 --> 00:21:17.900 concerned about this and how it was before now it's not going to ruin with money and wrote this 00:21:17.900 --> 00:21:24.200 famous article on it, and it's super crude rundown of his argument but it kind of serves the purpose 00:21:24.200 --> 00:21:32.000 here, because he says and I quote Bohannan that's because of the spread of the market and the 00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:36.400 introduction of money Tiv economy has become part of the world economy it has brought about a 00:21:36.400 --> 00:21:42.550 profound changes of the institutionalization of Tiv society money is one of the shattering NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:21:42.550 --> 00:21:49.050 simplifying ideas of all time unlike any other new and compelling idea it creates its own revolution 00:21:49.050 --> 00:21:55.200 its course may be painful but there's little doubt about its outcome so, it breaks down the cultural 00:21:55.200 --> 00:22:03.000 barriers between different economic spheres, and they are against this notion that they called 00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:05.500 technological determinism NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:22:05.700 --> 00:22:12.900 and by way of that opposition to that argument they're also making a case against this idea that 00:22:12.900 --> 00:22:19.550 there was a great divide in human society between pre monetary and and monetary societies NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:22:19.550 --> 00:22:27.300 this is a false divide and it's actually misunderstood this idea that money itself creates its own 00:22:27.300 --> 00:22:35.500 Revolution is misunderstanding something fundamental, and we're getting to that. Because they argue 00:22:35.500 --> 00:22:43.000 basically in the text I want you to notice two arguments okay there's a relativist 00:22:43.000 --> 00:22:45.500 argument and there's a universalist argument NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:22:45.500 --> 00:22:57.200 the relative is argument is that money is a kind of a cultural thing in itself it is not culture 00:22:57.200 --> 00:23:04.500 free it's not kind of something that in itself comes in and and and shifts things it is something 00:23:04.500 --> 00:23:14.500 that is incorporated into a cultural Matrix so money itself is a cultural matter that's interpreted 00:23:14.500 --> 00:23:15.800 its vowel NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:15.800 --> 00:23:21.300 into the cultural Matrix in all kinds of different ways NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:22.400 --> 00:23:25.000 so money NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:30.449 has different meanings depending on different social cultural context NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:23:30.449 --> 00:23:37.800 it's very much a relativist argument okay it's an argument for variation and their introduction to 00:23:37.800 --> 00:23:44.600 this text is an introduction to a if you remember ethnic groups and boundaries another very famous 00:23:44.600 --> 00:23:51.200 text by Fredrik Barth it's kind of an introduction to what is ethnicity and then like seven eight 00:23:51.200 --> 00:23:56.800 chapters about that across the world this is the same kind of book money and the morality of exchange 00:23:56.800 --> 00:24:01.050 the introduction is kind of the theoretical argument and then they have seven or eight chapters showing NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:24:01.050 --> 00:24:07.650 variation across the world and how money is woven into incorporated into a cultural Matrix NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:24:07.650 --> 00:24:12.500 I think India is the most famous chapter but they have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:24:12.500 --> 00:24:21.500 number of quite cool ethnographic chapters in that book, go look it up if you feel like it. So their 00:24:21.500 --> 00:24:27.200 argument is one about variation okay they present several examples of how money can be morally 00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:33.500 neutral or even socially fertile and we'll talk about that these socially productive can confirm the 00:24:33.500 --> 00:24:42.850 moral order or it can kind of undermine and be polluting as a we've talked about. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:24:42.850 --> 00:24:50.600 so the point is that with or without money you kind of have greed and selfish behavior, it's not 00:24:50.600 --> 00:24:57.500 money itself that kind of produces that there's nothing inherent in money that destroys morality 00:24:57.500 --> 00:25:01.700 corporation or social order NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:25:03.600 --> 00:25:10.400 there are many different ways of symbolically distinguishing different kinds of exchanges NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:25:10.600 --> 00:25:13.700 with or without money NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:25:15.000 --> 00:25:19.350 and we'll see some examples of that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:25:19.350 --> 00:25:25.200 but again they're kind of shifting the viewpoint they're trying to say the contrast 00:25:25.200 --> 00:25:31.900 is not you know different between different cultures with or without money but 00:25:31.900 --> 00:25:36.800 within a society you have different kinds of debates going on NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:25:36.800 --> 00:25:42.800 and money is implicated in those moral debates in different ways NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:55.000 so this is the relativist side of their arguments and I thought we'd go into one example in 00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:03.900 particular, have you read I'm sure of you have either read or will read the text on the Nuer 00:26:03.900 --> 00:26:11.400 I think it was a few years back in SOSANT1000 we had a little problem because like 00:26:11.400 --> 00:26:15.650 before I think it was within week three or four or something NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:26:15.650 --> 00:26:22.800 I think the students have encountered cattle three times so it's like week one cattle week two 00:26:22.800 --> 00:26:29.600 something else week three cattle and then 4 5 and another bunch of cows, so we really love cows in 00:26:29.600 --> 00:26:38.600 Anthropology for some reason and the most famous of all cow loving people are the Nuer okay 00:26:38.600 --> 00:26:43.300 we're getting quite acquainted I think with Sudan we have talked about Darfur the 00:26:43.300 --> 00:26:45.600 text remember the entrepreneurs NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:26:45.600 --> 00:26:53.450 And the Tomato Man and the spirit of exchange and now we're going to South Sudan NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:26:53.450 --> 00:27:04.400 to Nuer land and this is as I hope you know if you still read anthropology SOSANT1000 or the 00:27:04.400 --> 00:27:12.200 introduction you would know something about the Nuer and they have this thing about cows okay it is 00:27:12.200 --> 00:27:21.700 kind of the central organising principle of Nuer society, and this is I think also something that is 00:27:21.700 --> 00:27:24.400 acquainted most famously with NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:27:24.400 --> 00:27:32.800 Evans Pritchardt, he actually has a 00:27:32.800 --> 00:27:37.900 book and back in the day they wrote books with that kind of ambition and for all kinds of 00:27:37.900 --> 00:27:44.300 Pragmatic reasons we stepped away from that but it's just called the Nuer here is the thing 00:27:44.300 --> 00:27:53.200 and it's like has a chapter on religion, marriage, politics, totemism, economics and then like this is 00:27:53.200 --> 00:27:53.800 it. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:27:53.800 --> 00:28:01.500 Here you go this is how the Nuer lives and what it tells us about humans anywhere. Quite ridiculous 00:28:01.500 --> 00:28:08.600 ambition for a number of reasons but it taught us something that the 00:28:08.600 --> 00:28:15.700 Nuer even though they were incorporated into a series of markets that were established by the 00:28:15.700 --> 00:28:21.900 British colonial authorities and Evans-Pritchard and Hutchinson who 00:28:21.900 --> 00:28:24.300 comes in to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:28:24.300 --> 00:28:31.700 South Sudan in the 80s and kind of re studies and updates and critiques Evans-Pritchard she 00:28:31.700 --> 00:28:37.300 finds the same thing that there's this reluctance again among the Nuer to buy and sell cattle for 00:28:37.300 --> 00:28:43.050 money okay I want you to remember immediately that this is not something NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:28:43.050 --> 00:28:49.600 super exotic or strange that just happens in Nuerland okay we just talked about my ex 00:28:49.600 --> 00:28:57.300 who and all of us who kind of come up against this strong prohibition against exchanging 00:28:57.300 --> 00:29:08.200 money for something else okay. This is not different but it's different in content and 00:29:08.200 --> 00:29:13.550 so cows and this is kind of a classic finding in africanist NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:29:13.550 --> 00:29:20.050 anthropology and I found this also actually in Lesotho in southern Africa cows are kind of 00:29:20.050 --> 00:29:28.800 A special thing and you can't unproblematically just have a bunch of cows and 00:29:28.800 --> 00:29:34.400 there's a famine or there's just need money to go abroad and you just sell all the cows and take all 00:29:34.400 --> 00:29:37.600 the money and and spend it on whatever you like NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:29:37.600 --> 00:29:45.800 it doesn't work like that. Cows cannot originally be bought for money 00:29:46.200 --> 00:29:54.800 they were just given in exchanges between kin especially in relation to marriage and you cannot 00:29:54.800 --> 00:30:04.500 really sell there's a kind of a prohibition against selling cows for money but as societies 00:30:04.500 --> 00:30:07.400 change and as history has NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 68% (MEDIUM) 00:30:07.400 --> 00:30:14.800 Affected Nuerland and Hutchinson goes very deeply into the colonial history of markets The Civil Wars are 00:30:14.800 --> 00:30:24.600 the rage the political economy that has shifted in this area you now can exchange cows and 00:30:24.600 --> 00:30:33.200 and money but you do all kinds of kind of cultural gymnastics to nonetheless make sense of it and to 00:30:33.200 --> 00:30:34.650 make it meaningful NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:30:34.650 --> 00:30:42.200 because still giving up cattle for small things okay like sell a cow in order to just pay for a 00:30:42.200 --> 00:30:53.300 drink or school fees or taxes is still kind of considered lamentable or a loss of something not 00:30:53.300 --> 00:31:04.800 really moral because cattle the central organising principle in South Sudan has blood whereas NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:31:04.800 --> 00:31:10.100 Money has no blood cattle like humans have blood they say money has no blood NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:31:12.500 --> 00:31:23.200 and so it is kind of a sterile thing money it doesn't have inherently fertile or kind of 00:31:23.200 --> 00:31:25.450 productive socially productive NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:31:25.450 --> 00:31:32.400 characteristics as a technology it has no blood. The Nuer reserve cattle exchange for more important 00:31:32.400 --> 00:31:36.700 occasions such as marriage initiation rites and sacrifice NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:31:36.700 --> 00:31:45.700 but money had nonetheless started to function in bride payments and I found this 00:31:45.700 --> 00:31:50.700 also in Lesotho when I did my fieldwork there was a good friend of mine who's actually now an 00:31:50.700 --> 00:31:59.800 Anthropologist he was going to get married and there's Labola there's like the bride exchange right 00:31:59.800 --> 00:32:02.300 payment and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:32:03.400 --> 00:32:10.000 it was obvious that he was going to pay the bride's family as part of the marriage like or there is 00:32:10.000 --> 00:32:17.500 going to be transfer it's very you know established institution and traditionally it used to be 00:32:17.500 --> 00:32:24.200 cows you know how many cows does he give to this future wife's family and they are going to have 00:32:24.200 --> 00:32:30.700 A negotiation about that, but now you use the money for the 00:32:30.700 --> 00:32:33.150 bride payment but you discuss it in NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:32:33.150 --> 00:32:41.750 terms of cows so it's like first discussion is what's a car worth so let's just say that 00:32:41.750 --> 00:32:49.850 A cow is worth $1,000 and then how many cows blah blah blah go back and forth the 19,000 $19,000 okay 00:32:49.850 --> 00:32:57.300 19 cows so still cows are the metaphor for value even though the exchange is monitary. 00:32:57.300 --> 00:33:02.950 there's something similar going on in the text by Hutchinson they're all kinds of these NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:33:02.950 --> 00:33:07.900 culture gymnastics that people make to make money meaningful. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:33:10.500 --> 00:33:15.600 Let me see this is kind of a now I'm giving myself a little bit of a challenge but let me see if I 00:33:15.600 --> 00:33:20.900 can give you a rundown of those cultural gymnastics this hybrid the cross-fertilization of 00:33:20.900 --> 00:33:27.250 categories between cattle and money okay. Has any of you read the text? 00:33:27.250 --> 00:33:36.100 You know that this is a daunting task but I'll try and give you something to as an 00:33:36.100 --> 00:33:41.199 example of how again how this part of the relativist argument of Bloch and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:33:41.199 --> 00:33:50.400 Perry how money is incorporated into a cultural matrix and in all kinds of meaningful and creative ways. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:33:50.400 --> 00:33:53.400 First NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:33:57.300 --> 00:34:05.650 the Nuer started to use money but operated with different distinctions of cattle so you could buy 00:34:05.650 --> 00:34:15.699 now you could buy cows for money you just did and that was called cattle of money, the cows 00:34:15.699 --> 00:34:23.650 that you buy for your money and then you had a different kind of cows symbolically kind of separated. 00:34:23.650 --> 00:34:28.250 That was the cattle of girls this is the cows you get NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:34:28.250 --> 00:34:39.600 through when you get married, and the groom's brother and his and her father give you these cows as 00:34:39.600 --> 00:34:47.000 part of the marriage and these are two separate kinds of cattle okay NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:34:47.300 --> 00:34:53.900 one is the cattle of girls received by specific relatives of the bride and ties them into ownership 00:34:53.900 --> 00:34:59.400 relations and then there's the cattle that you buy for money which is a new category and you are 00:34:59.400 --> 00:35:05.800 Freer to dispose of these cows this is a crucial part as you like, you can sell them and 00:35:05.800 --> 00:35:10.700 use that money for for kind of other things in cattle. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:35:11.600 --> 00:35:16.500 Where's the other cattle you couldn't sell these as easily. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:35:16.500 --> 00:35:23.100 It's actually you have a herd and then this is the cattle you have from the bride 00:35:23.100 --> 00:35:27.200 exchange and then there's the cattle that you bought with your money they actually 00:35:27.200 --> 00:35:29.900 they serve different purposes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:35:31.100 --> 00:35:39.800 To make just things even more complex let's add three more categories of money there's 00:35:39.800 --> 00:35:45.600 a money of work so not all money, now we're talking 00:35:45.600 --> 00:35:50.800 about if you buy cattle for money not all the money not any kind of money could be used to buy 00:35:50.800 --> 00:35:57.800 cattle okay. There's the money of work which is kind of a most legitimate form of money NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:35:57.800 --> 00:36:07.300 Earned as wages or through the sale of agricultural products, crocodile skins or other goods paid 00:36:07.300 --> 00:36:16.400 through labor which is next week's topic, and then there's the money of shit which is actually dirty 00:36:16.400 --> 00:36:25.200 money and it comes from when they were put in this racist colonial empire to empty the 00:36:25.200 --> 00:36:27.400 latrines for the British NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:36:27.400 --> 00:36:35.250 and they were thrown a few bucks I'm sure and like this kind of money the money of shit 00:36:35.250 --> 00:36:41.300 cannot be used to buy cattle okay, it's money earned doing dirty jobs. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:36:41.300 --> 00:36:49.899 Again I want you to always think about how we're going to make this strange world 00:36:49.899 --> 00:36:56.800 familiar to us, how exotic let's try to understand it. But then in the same process have this 00:36:56.800 --> 00:37:03.400 this ricochet effect of how by making the strange familiar we also make what's familiar to us a bit 00:37:03.400 --> 00:37:10.500 strange, so try to see her what is this perhaps what can we say of do we have something similar in our 00:37:10.500 --> 00:37:11.400 society? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:37:11.400 --> 00:37:21.400 I think just I don't think we do actually one on one but there's something analogous if 00:37:21.400 --> 00:37:27.000 you're let's say you sing at a late-night poker game earning a bunch of money NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:33.700 with your friends you're super drunk and doing some kind of on the edge kind of stuff if 00:37:33.700 --> 00:37:42.500 tricking someone.. let's say you're a sex worker and you're on the street and then 00:37:42.500 --> 00:37:48.600 You get thousand kroner in cash and you take that money directly and your 00:37:48.600 --> 00:37:55.900 daughter who wakes up and then you take a bit of that money and give it to the child to for an example 00:37:55.900 --> 00:37:56.750 buy lunch or NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:37:56.750 --> 00:38:04.300 something there's something a little bit off with spending kind of dirty money on moral things, moral 00:38:04.300 --> 00:38:10.900 things that are supposed to be part of a something that establishes and reaffirms and 00:38:10.900 --> 00:38:18.400 strengthens the moral order of society. We could think of that but anyway the moral of the story here 00:38:18.400 --> 00:38:23.500 with the Nuer is that the money of shit was carefully kept apart there's literally kind of kept 00:38:23.500 --> 00:38:26.899 aside and they were NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:38:26.899 --> 00:38:35.600 trying to save cattle from being contaminated by money earned in this immoral way NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:38:36.300 --> 00:38:43.300 and then there's a money of cattle third category that's supposed to go back so this is the money 00:38:43.300 --> 00:38:50.800 that you make from selling cows this is a new category of money that is supposed to go back into the 00:38:50.800 --> 00:39:00.000 cattle exchange system the money if you sell a cow this has to be like a world record I 00:39:00.000 --> 00:39:06.100 mean are you with me it's quite complex we're getting to the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:39:06.100 --> 00:39:13.200 General point eventually but if you sell a cow I feel like if someone walked through the door here 00:39:13.200 --> 00:39:18.600 now and they would just sit and listen to the 5 last minutes of this lecture would be like this is 00:39:18.600 --> 00:39:27.600 so anthropological Jesus Christ cows and all kinds of moral taboos about money but this is what 00:39:27.600 --> 00:39:35.500 it was in the 1980s and and it's not so exotic actually but the point is that you cannot 00:39:35.500 --> 00:39:36.050 squander NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:39:36.050 --> 00:39:45.000 money that you've made from selling a cow on kinds of anything like buying bubblegum or 00:39:45.000 --> 00:39:53.900 whatever you were supposed to reinvest it in cattle so this is the idea what money NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:39:53.900 --> 00:40:01.300 isn't money like this chattering simplifying idea that creates its own revolution NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:40:01.300 --> 00:40:10.550 no actually I mean this is an example shows it very clearly that the Nuer crossbred 00:40:10.550 --> 00:40:17.000 concepts of money and cattle and try and created all these hybrid categories NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:40:17.100 --> 00:40:24.200 that proved very adaptable to the unstable social and economic environment that actually Hutchington 00:40:24.200 --> 00:40:25.800 describes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:40:26.100 --> 00:40:33.300 She also describes how young men now who did not have necessarily so much cattle of girls could buy 00:40:33.300 --> 00:40:40.100 Cattle for their money and then kind of transform it into the cattle of girls by giving it to people to 00:40:40.100 --> 00:40:48.100 their bride's family and transform their worth so this is a very useful kind of hybridity of 00:40:48.100 --> 00:40:55.150 categories and it's not a money revolution it's rather way that in which the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:40:55.150 --> 00:41:03.550 the money is incorporated into a system where the basic metaphor for value still is cattle. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:41:03.550 --> 00:41:13.500 okay I think that is all I'm going to say about the Nuer I said a lot but the book is incredibly 00:41:13.500 --> 00:41:26.300 thorough and solid and have a look at it if you like but of course again this is not just the exotic 00:41:26.300 --> 00:41:32.600 strange Nuer okay Viviana Zelizer is a sociologists of money she's quite good I must say she's one of 00:41:32.600 --> 00:41:33.250 my NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:41:33.250 --> 00:41:42.149 favourites and she she writes very well as well it's not something you could say for many anthropologists 00:41:42.149 --> 00:41:52.200 and by chance she's a sociologist but she does this study of the social meaning of money and how in 00:41:52.200 --> 00:41:58.900 US American society she discovered similar kind of thing going on different kinds of money for 00:41:58.900 --> 00:42:01.600 different kinds of things NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:42:04.700 --> 00:42:13.550 for example and let me show you what that means. We have five minutes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:42:13.550 --> 00:42:24.700 Let me show you now physically how money is not a one just one thing okay if I 00:42:24.700 --> 00:42:30.800 were to give you just because you yawn I'm going to give you this money and I'm saying I'm employing 00:42:30.800 --> 00:42:37.000 you for the rest of the semester here's 50 Kroner you buy me coffee every break for the rest of the 00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:42.500 semester and you keep whatever it do whatever you want with the extra 20 it's yours NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:42:42.500 --> 00:42:55.800 and I throw this money at you it would kind of be weird but it would also be kind of selfish 00:42:55.800 --> 00:43:04.000 behaviour it would make you look at me as a some kind of some strategic 00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:13.100 individual who's exploiting you buying you a service and not really considering you friend NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:22.200 so be morally polluting if I just throw this at you or if Ingrid gave money back to 00:43:22.200 --> 00:43:28.500 the woman who's giving her a bag of baby clothes. Okay however if I kind of took this money 00:43:28.500 --> 00:43:39.100 and I did something like this I put it in a nice little envelope and now I am let's say what 00:43:39.100 --> 00:43:43.700 happened it fell out NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:43:43.700 --> 00:43:51.100 just picture me as eighty year old grandmother okay and it's like this is a thousand kronor that she 00:43:51.100 --> 00:43:57.150 puts in this envelope which is one bill she put it there since you write with her nice old person's 00:43:57.150 --> 00:44:06.300 neat handwriting to Christopher on his 10th birthday that would be or like to the bride and groom on 00:44:06.300 --> 00:44:14.100 their wedding in the in the event of their wedding that would be money being used to create intimate NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:44:14.100 --> 00:44:22.400 And deeply personal relationships it would strengthen the moral order inheritance money think of that if 00:44:22.400 --> 00:44:31.550 you get inheritance money it is kind of weird if you go and spend that all on 00:44:31.550 --> 00:44:37.700 on three months of heavy drinking, inheritance money is something that's supposed to be invested 00:44:37.700 --> 00:44:44.150 in lasting things so you have this different categories of money again NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:44:44.150 --> 00:44:50.400 among ourselves in our society as you have among the Nuer and we're going to talk more about that 00:44:50.400 --> 00:44:55.400 in the next hour let's take a break.