WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:00:01.100 --> 00:00:10.100 Okay, here we go. Introduction Scientific Publications. Let's see. I'll make this small. 00:00:10.100 --> 00:00:15.850 So what we're going to do is today, talk a little bit about the structure of an article, 00:00:15.850 --> 00:00:23.300 because scientific publications follow kind of a recipe. This is what we're going 00:00:23.300 --> 00:00:27.800 to talk. We are going to talk about the structure Imrad, that's the recipe. We're going to talk about 00:00:27.800 --> 00:00:31.650 abstracts, Pecos and some tips and tricks. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:00:31.650 --> 00:00:36.800 And that is not all for an exam or whatever, but it's just to know little bit like what's out 00:00:36.800 --> 00:00:44.500 there and what can we do. Starting with Imrad. Imrad is an acronym as usual and it stands for 00:00:44.500 --> 00:00:51.500 introduction, methods, results and discussion and it really is like a recipe. I'm not sure if anybody 00:00:51.500 --> 00:00:56.900 of you have written already an article, but they have really good rules how to write that. They 00:00:56.900 --> 00:01:01.750 don't want you to be creative. And every Journal has got its own author guidelines. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:01:01.750 --> 00:01:08.700 And these author guidelines are about the structure or about the number of word limits, how the 00:01:08.700 --> 00:01:14.800 abstract should look like, etc. Etc. Where they can use online material. If you write an article 00:01:14.800 --> 00:01:22.600 online material is a way to avoid the problems with your word limit. Still, it needs to be concise. 00:01:22.600 --> 00:01:28.400 But sometimes you've got very, very extensive tables when you do a systematic review and 00:01:28.400 --> 00:01:31.900 more and more journals allowed to have online material. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:01:31.900 --> 00:01:38.200 In the past, of course, when everything was written and published on paper hard copies, you did not 00:01:38.200 --> 00:01:43.900 want a systematic review with 20 Pages table, which could be a problem. But you sometimes have got 00:01:43.900 --> 00:01:49.000 these very extensive tables. And nowadays you can just put them online. So they won't be in the 00:01:49.000 --> 00:01:55.400 issue itself, but you will have access to any additional materials. Sometimes people, upload now 00:01:55.400 --> 00:02:01.699 also data sets. So back to Imrad, introduction, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:02:01.699 --> 00:02:04.500 method, results and discussion. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:02:04.600 --> 00:02:11.900 So the introduction that we write and this is also a little bit for your master thesis. Some of you 00:02:11.900 --> 00:02:18.900 will write an article based Master thesis, then that article will be following these guidelines. You 00:02:18.900 --> 00:02:24.700 will also have to choose which Journal you prepare your article for because of the guidelines, 00:02:24.700 --> 00:02:33.200 author guidelines, but in general these rules are for all journals, all articles. So introduction is 00:02:33.200 --> 00:02:33.700 you give us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:02:33.700 --> 00:02:41.400 a summary of what's out there. You describe this problem. This is what I want to talk 00:02:41.400 --> 00:02:48.300 about... and you go move on if you have described the problem set and say these are my more specific 00:02:48.300 --> 00:02:55.500 research questions related to this problem. You also want to introduce any Frameworks that are 00:02:55.500 --> 00:03:03.200 important, theoretical backgrounds, and at the end of the introduction there's always this that 00:03:03.200 --> 00:03:03.700 research NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:03.700 --> 00:03:11.400 question. So it always ends with the purpose of this publication, what this study is. So if you're 00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:16.400 looking in your introduction, if you look in an article for what is the purpose, go to the end of 00:03:16.400 --> 00:03:22.200 the introduction. But in general, it is an introduction to the field. It is where you will find the 00:03:22.200 --> 00:03:27.400 most important literature. You need to prove you know what's going on. And you need to prove that 00:03:27.400 --> 00:03:33.200 what you're doing is new and has not yet been this discussed or published. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:03:34.200 --> 00:03:40.800 So as I said, you need to tell the world that you know what you're talking about and explain what 00:03:40.800 --> 00:03:49.800 you are contributing to the existing knowledge base already. Next thing is methods. When I write 00:03:49.800 --> 00:03:55.000 articles. I always start with methods. It's the easiest bit to write. And if you've done your 00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:59.400 research, you should know what you've done. You should know what the methods is. It is about, you 00:03:59.400 --> 00:04:03.500 need to explain how did you recruit. How did you find your data? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:04:03.500 --> 00:04:12.100 What kind of assessments? What kind of analysis? It's all in the methods. It is what you did and it 00:04:12.100 --> 00:04:19.100 is what you did not do. And you need to explain, '' Well, we did this and we did not use parametric 00:04:19.100 --> 00:04:25.000 statistics because of... '' you need to explain a bit why you did that, you need to explain how did you 00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:33.450 come to your results. So in the results you talk about the method, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:04:33.450 --> 00:04:39.100 you talk about how did you recruit. How many do you intend to recruit? Not just the numbers ,n 00:04:39.100 --> 00:04:45.400 results, but you need to explain ''I'm going to recruit teachers for semi-structured 00:04:45.400 --> 00:04:52.300 interview. '' So you've got and you need to explain where, at schools in Oslo. You need to explain if 00:04:52.300 --> 00:04:59.500 you use a screening or an assessment tool. Why do you use that one? Because valid and reliable Etc, 00:04:59.500 --> 00:05:03.400 but you need to describe that one. You need to explain what NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:05:03.400 --> 00:05:09.300 kind of analysis. Do you intend to do descriptive statistics? Or are you going to do statistical 00:05:09.300 --> 00:05:15.800 analysis? Can you maybe do a meta-analysis? All of that should be there and usually you've 00:05:15.800 --> 00:05:25.000 got these sub headings, like patient recruitment, assessment protocol, 00:05:25.000 --> 00:05:32.100 statistical analysis. All of that is Method and you interrupt me if there's a question. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:05:32.900 --> 00:05:38.950 It's also a little bit what you need to do in your research proposal? The next thing is 00:05:38.950 --> 00:05:46.400 results. What did you find? So you present your results and this is where I'm going to 00:05:46.400 --> 00:05:52.500 look at Master thesis like okay, how is it presented? Do I understand the data? 00:05:52.500 --> 00:06:00.200 Did people use tables to facilitate the data overview, or maybe figures? How did you classify it? 00:06:00.200 --> 00:06:03.600 If you are doing something like coding, I want to know NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:06:03.600 --> 00:06:12.250 what codes did you use. How did you come to two more overarching codes? You need to explain, 00:06:12.250 --> 00:06:19.300 interpret your results, but in not too deep. Just stick to your results because in the 00:06:19.300 --> 00:06:27.700 discussion, you will more expand on other literature that's out there. You need to discuss like 00:06:27.700 --> 00:06:33.300 this is what we found, this is what we could not do, this is what the problem was. But in summary, 00:06:33.300 --> 00:06:33.550 results is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:06:33.550 --> 00:06:40.400 okay, you had your methods, where are the data? Given the data, give it a logic. 00:06:40.400 --> 00:06:48.400 Give it in a good overview with a very short explanation. Don't get too much in detail. You can give 00:06:48.400 --> 00:06:54.700 me all the data, but don't talk too much because that's for the discussion. But the results is as it 00:06:54.700 --> 00:07:00.100 says here, the essence, the results is why you did the research. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:07:00.900 --> 00:07:08.000 So you've got the introduction of your problem, the purpose, the methods, how you're 00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:14.800 going to do it, the results. What did you find? And then you get to the discussion. And that is the 00:07:14.800 --> 00:07:20.300 most complex bit to right. I always start with the methods and then the results, that's the 00:07:20.300 --> 00:07:27.200 easiest bit. The discussion is overarching of your whole article. Like you've got your data. So, 00:07:27.200 --> 00:07:31.550 what does that mean? Can you generalize your data? Is it just for NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:07:31.550 --> 00:07:38.600 your study group or can you actually expand to other groups? How are your data similar or 00:07:38.600 --> 00:07:46.100 different to published studies? So what's out there already. Is there may be an alternative on another 00:07:46.100 --> 00:07:53.100 explanation of what you found, was this what you expected or not? And why not or why is that exactly 00:07:53.100 --> 00:08:00.900 what you expected? What could have caused your data? There's always a section in the discussion bit, 00:08:00.900 --> 00:08:01.550 a paragraph, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:08:01.550 --> 00:08:09.800 that's called limitations of your study. Which means for instance 00:08:09.800 --> 00:08:16.900 if you do a review that you said, well we limited the number of databases, we only included 00:08:16.900 --> 00:08:22.800 English literature, which is good and allowed. You just need to say we could have done any 00:08:22.800 --> 00:08:28.700 language. We could have done but it still needs to be feasible and therefore you did not. It could 00:08:28.700 --> 00:08:31.500 also be that you say well the population NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:08:31.500 --> 00:08:40.000 recruitment. It was a very small population therefore generalization is limited or they 00:08:40.000 --> 00:08:46.300 can say well we had quite a few missing people, people that were lost to follow-up. All of that is an 00:08:46.300 --> 00:08:56.800 important section in discussion. We actually explain the pros and the cons of your study. Nine out of 00:08:56.800 --> 00:09:01.500 ten you end up saying something like ''yes, we need additional NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:09:01.500 --> 00:09:07.800 research''. Make it a little bit more interesting and explain what bits need additional research. 00:09:07.800 --> 00:09:15.500 Maybe this was a pilot. You want larger numbers. So you can perform more advanced statistics or you 00:09:15.500 --> 00:09:21.500 need to confirm these data in bigger groups. And maybe then you can use it as recommendation in 00:09:21.500 --> 00:09:29.800 clinical practice or in research. But the discussion is tricky to write, do not chat. Do not chat in 00:09:29.800 --> 00:09:31.350 the discussion, please. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:09:31.350 --> 00:09:39.300 Before you write the discussion always have bullets. When writing the article, you run 00:09:39.300 --> 00:09:45.000 into interesting things or remarkable things, or things you need to remember or discuss. And I just 00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:51.099 put them as it as a short bullet in the discussion bit. By the time I start writing my discussion, 00:09:51.099 --> 00:09:59.850 I organize my bullets. I reorganize them so it's a flow. So it makes sense. Then I start writing. 00:09:59.850 --> 00:10:01.450 Please do not NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:01.450 --> 00:10:08.300 start writing just because you are at the discussion. Think about what you want to discuss and in 00:10:08.300 --> 00:10:15.750 what order. It needs to make sense. The discussion again is very important and not easy to write. 00:10:15.750 --> 00:10:22.050 Okay, but that is really where everything comes together. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:10:22.050 --> 00:10:29.000 At the conclusion, that is usually just short and sometimes it's part of the discussion depending on 00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:35.450 the journal. Sometimes it is just that the discussion and the conclusion are the same heading 00:10:35.450 --> 00:10:41.600 but if you write your conclusion, it will still be at the end. It's the last paragraph. And that one, 00:10:41.600 --> 00:10:46.200 what I always do if I've got a master thesis or a study or whatever, or my 00:10:46.200 --> 00:10:51.750 own writing, the abstract, the purpose of the study, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:51.750 --> 00:10:59.500 the introduction and your conclusion should be in line. Same terminology. Same outcomes, same 00:10:59.500 --> 00:11:08.800 conclusion. And quite often I see people changing wordings, just not having the same conclusion. 00:11:08.800 --> 00:11:15.800 The conclusion should be the answer to your purpose. That's why you did it. Now did you find, what 00:11:15.800 --> 00:11:21.800 the results? So, I always go from the abstract. If you scan an article, you do the abstarct, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:11:21.800 --> 00:11:27.200 you go to the purpose, you go to the conclusion. We talk about that a bit later, but it should 00:11:27.200 --> 00:11:34.900 be really similar. You can't have differences there. So the conclusion is about did you find 00:11:34.900 --> 00:11:42.300 your answer on your research question. Did you had a hypothesis or more? Have you confirmed it? 00:11:42.300 --> 00:11:50.900 Undermined it, falsified, what happened with it? You do not introduce new issues. You do not 00:11:50.900 --> 00:11:51.750 introduce NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:11:51.750 --> 00:11:59.500 anything that has not yet been discussed and you don't just sum them up. You don't just 00:11:59.500 --> 00:12:05.550 say this is what we find. No, no. Go back to your research question. That is your conclusion 00:12:05.550 --> 00:12:11.900 and something that I didn't say in the discussion also, you do not introduce new data in the 00:12:11.900 --> 00:12:19.600 discussion. So anything that is data related should have been introduced in the results. The 00:12:19.600 --> 00:12:21.800 conclusion you don't all of sudden say NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:12:21.800 --> 00:12:30.350 and the mean data of our participants are... No! That should have been in your results. Okay? Now, I 00:12:30.350 --> 00:12:38.000 hope that this is a little bit clearer. This is how all studies are written publications, any 00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:45.350 academic study if you go to journal has got this way of writing, it ninety-nine out of a hundred. 00:12:45.350 --> 00:12:51.750 So this is, do not be creative. The structure is the same. And actually, for a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:12:51.750 --> 00:12:59.150 Master thesis, it's kind of the same structure, especially when you write an article based 00:12:59.150 --> 00:13:04.000 master thesis. Any questions so far on this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:13:09.900 --> 00:13:13.200 I heard someone say something. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:13:13.200 --> 00:13:26.500 Hana: I just said no. Renee: Okay. That's a good one. But just also, if you write your proposal, a proposal is actually kind of ticking 00:13:26.500 --> 00:13:30.500 off all of this. Of course, you don't have the conclusion yet, but you have the 00:13:30.500 --> 00:13:36.800 introduction, research question at the end of the introduction, introducing method. So that is what 00:13:36.800 --> 00:13:43.850 we are talking about here. Okay, that leaves me with an abstract. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:13:43.850 --> 00:13:53.000 Now, abstract is actually kind of similar to Imrad. An abstract is a short summary and what you need to 00:13:53.000 --> 00:13:59.900 do is, what I see also if people submit abstracts for conferences, you can't say 00:13:59.900 --> 00:14:08.500 in an abstract '' We will discuss. We will find. '' No, no. No, you need to tell me what you found. You 00:14:08.500 --> 00:14:13.800 need to say, we found, we did. You can't speak in the future. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:14:13.800 --> 00:14:20.700 An abstract is summary what you have done. It is a completed research. And if you've done it, well 00:14:20.700 --> 00:14:27.000 that is when people want to know more, that is it should trigger you. If I look at articles, I look 00:14:27.000 --> 00:14:34.000 at the abstract and say no or I say, well actually yeah, yeah let's read more. Now in that abstract, 00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:41.100 it all needs to be there. You need to have the problem statement. Many kids with autism have 00:14:41.100 --> 00:14:44.200 problems with dental health care, whatever. That's a problem statement. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:14:44.200 --> 00:14:50.700 Then you need to tell me what is your question. We want to describe the prevalence of 00:14:50.700 --> 00:14:55.800 that... Your problem, that your research question. Maybe. What is the prevalence of? That's a question. 00:14:55.800 --> 00:15:00.850 You need to decide methods. Next, headings, how you gonna do that? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:15:00.850 --> 00:15:10.300 Do you have semi structured interviews in high schools at the nordics or whatever. You 00:15:10.300 --> 00:15:14.800 need to tell me where you do that, you need to tell me the results: 00:15:14.800 --> 00:15:22.800 Okay, we interviewed 10 people, we found bloody bloody results, all of that. 00:15:22.800 --> 00:15:31.050 And keep in mind that you get kind of 500 Words usually max to do all of this. So, motivation. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:15:31.050 --> 00:15:38.400 Why do we care? That's your motivation. Why is it important? What is the gap there? What we 00:15:38.400 --> 00:15:45.300 think we're going to find? That's your introduction. You need to trigger me. Your methods is... 00:15:45.300 --> 00:15:52.600 Tell me what you did. You interviewed, you analyze, you have been creative. Whatever you do. This is 00:15:52.600 --> 00:16:00.550 your analyst. It could be a literature review or your interviews. Etc. Your results are, okay, 00:16:01.150 --> 00:16:08.300 you did all these methods. So what did you find? How many participants, how many data, what 00:16:08.300 --> 00:16:13.900 kind of sets could you use or not? Or did you somatic synthesis of what have you done? What were the 00:16:13.900 --> 00:16:22.000 results of that? What is new? What do you contribute? And then what is the implication of all of 00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:30.849 that? Now to do this, usually is 500 Words and believe me that is complex. That is because everything NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:16:30.849 --> 00:16:38.000 needs to be in there. Your problem statement, your purpose of the study, your method, your 00:16:38.000 --> 00:16:44.600 results, and what it means. It's a challenge. So I'm going to give you a few examples. We are 00:16:44.600 --> 00:16:50.900 talking here about the effects of chewing gum on mood, learning memory and performance of an 00:16:50.900 --> 00:16:58.850 intelligence test. And this is really I don't make it up, this abstracts exist. Now, this is 00:16:58.850 --> 00:17:01.150 the abstract and I didn't count the words, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:17:01.150 --> 00:17:07.300 must be something like 500 by the looks of it. But you can see here these headings and this 00:17:07.300 --> 00:17:12.099 journal apparently they give you these headings, you don't make them up. They give you very often 00:17:12.099 --> 00:17:17.650 the headings. So the rationale, that is the introduction. You've got your objective, the purpose, 00:17:17.650 --> 00:17:23.800 your subjects and methods, that is the same, that is methods, your results, conclusion. 00:17:23.800 --> 00:17:30.550 So, those are the four main components of your abstract. And that looks very much like Imrad. Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:17:31.750 --> 00:17:37.500 Now, so there, this is actually motivation problem statement that it's two headings. But it is that 00:17:37.500 --> 00:17:44.900 that first step, your methods, your results and your conclusion. So that is how all abstracts look 00:17:44.900 --> 00:17:50.800 like. Now. I've got another one here, computer-assisted reading intervention in a secondary school, 00:17:50.800 --> 00:17:53.550 an evaluation study. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:17:53.550 --> 00:18:00.700 Now, this is just text but the trick is in that text. Okay, try to find the bits and pieces. Now if 00:18:00.700 --> 00:18:09.200 you read it, then you can see this is all introduction. It's all the problem statement, the purpose 00:18:09.200 --> 00:18:16.000 of what you're going to do. So it explains there is concern about literacy and then it goes on, is 00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:22.700 quite a long introduction actually. And then it says the purpose, the present study evaluated the 00:18:22.700 --> 00:18:23.900 effectiveness of RITA, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:18:23.900 --> 00:18:31.300 that is a computer-based reading instruction system, apparently. 00:18:31.300 --> 00:18:34.400 And so, they describe what they want to do. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:18:34.400 --> 00:18:43.000 Then they say how they did it. So 10 weeks period, significant overall improvement, so that your 00:18:43.000 --> 00:18:49.200 results and that bit is your conclusion. So, we've got the introduction again, motivation, problem 00:18:49.200 --> 00:18:54.700 statements, the method. So what are you going to do this? The blue, the results, the red what did 00:18:54.700 --> 00:19:00.900 you find. And conclusion, it is suggested that computer-assisted reading support can be effective in 00:19:00.900 --> 00:19:05.000 supporting the majority of children, Etc. So that is again, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:11.800 a conclusion that generalize actually the findings. Now, all abstracts are... If you want to 00:19:11.800 --> 00:19:18.200 read an article, you want to know what is it about. The abstract should give the full study in 500 00:19:18.200 --> 00:19:23.400 words, then after that, I read more. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:19:23.600 --> 00:19:28.800 What are some tips for writing abstract? So you can find them at this is on grammarly. We will talk 00:19:28.800 --> 00:19:36.200 about that one later. It should be independent. It should be a self-contained autonomous work. It's 00:19:36.200 --> 00:19:42.100 not easy writing abstracts. I write an abstract at the very, very end. That's actually what she says 00:19:42.100 --> 00:19:46.800 there as well. I write the whole article because you never know what happens during the writing 00:19:46.800 --> 00:19:53.600 process. And then I write the abstract using the same wording from my article. The problem is 00:19:53.600 --> 00:19:54.300 very often that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:54.300 --> 00:20:02.050 people want to be creative and use synonyms for variable. Or for they talk about measure, assessment, 00:20:02.050 --> 00:20:08.800 outcome. It is confusing. In an article you are allowed to use the same wording and it's much 00:20:08.800 --> 00:20:15.700 more clear. You're not writing a novel. You're not writing a novel. So it's 00:20:15.700 --> 00:20:22.000 independent that it should contain all the information. You write it at the very, very end. Although 00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:24.300 many people start writing, don't do that. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:20:24.300 --> 00:20:31.000 It's at the end after you finish your article, because then you may have a better overview what 00:20:31.000 --> 00:20:38.100 actually you have done and the wording will be more in line with the rest of the article. It is 00:20:38.100 --> 00:20:43.600 not an introduction. Some people are tempted to give a long introduction of what's going on out 00:20:43.600 --> 00:20:51.000 there. Don't do that. One sentence, maybe two that should be your problem statement. It is because 00:20:51.000 --> 00:20:54.300 the whole introduction will give you that whole background. Not in the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:20:54.300 --> 00:20:59.500 Abstract. All you need to do is you need to explain a little bit what are we talking about. 00:20:59.500 --> 00:21:05.900 You don't start with the purpose of this study. You first say this is my problem and then 00:21:05.900 --> 00:21:15.449 the purpose of my study. So if I look at back, you've got the Imrad structure 00:21:15.449 --> 00:21:23.100 and that is not in the introduction and Abstract gives you everything, introduction gives you the 00:21:23.100 --> 00:21:24.199 background. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:24.199 --> 00:21:30.200 The problem statement, the most important literature out there, who are the big gurus that you need 00:21:30.200 --> 00:21:35.900 to address to, what are the main theories, the main ideas out there. You can't put that in an 00:21:35.900 --> 00:21:42.700 abstract. No way. You get totally lost if you do that. Okay, so that is writing an abstract and it 00:21:42.700 --> 00:21:49.400 seems simple, it's not. Just give it a go and you will see that it's not that easy to write your 00:21:49.400 --> 00:21:53.750 article and usually an article is between NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:21:53.750 --> 00:22:03.600 4,000 - 5,000 max and that's usually for a review. I know there are journals that allow like over 10,000 words. 00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:12.500 Those are exceptions and I'm not too enthusiastic about that. Because very often, I always 00:22:12.500 --> 00:22:17.000 say, if you can't tell it in 4,000 words actually, then I'm not sure whether you need 00:22:17.000 --> 00:22:24.250 another 5,000, avoid to go chatting, be concise, academic language is concise. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:22:24.250 --> 00:22:34.400 Okay, that brings me to something different. That brings me to Picos. But before I do 00:22:34.400 --> 00:22:42.200 that, any comments yet? Hristina: So when we are about to give our research 00:22:42.200 --> 00:22:50.100 proposal, should it look like a short abstract, something like that, or no? Renee: It will be, but you won't 00:22:50.100 --> 00:22:54.300 have the results yet. But the first bit, will very liekly NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:22:54.300 --> 00:23:00.000 to be the same, like you will have your introduction. Introducing the guru's, main theories. All of 00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:05.200 that is the same at the end. You start with, this is my problem. Then you tell me your 00:23:05.200 --> 00:23:11.400 research questions at the end of your introduction. So that is all the same. And then you come 00:23:11.400 --> 00:23:17.900 with your method section. You need to describe where do you recruit, what kind of Assessments, Etc, 00:23:17.900 --> 00:23:24.250 and what kind of analysis you think you use. So far tat is actually an Imrad article NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:23:24.250 --> 00:23:29.600 and it's a bit more than an abstract because an abstract is only 500 Words. I gave you more 00:23:29.600 --> 00:23:37.900 words for your research proposal, but the structure is very, very similar. Is that enough answer to you? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:38.200 --> 00:23:43.000 Hristina: Yes, thank you. Renee: Okay, any other questions here? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:23:43.800 --> 00:23:49.300 Who started writing already, their research proposal, the introduction? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:49.300 --> 00:24:04.500 Hana: I did. Renee: Okay, and how when how did that go? Hana: Yes, no. Yeah, it's not going so well. 00:24:04.500 --> 00:24:11.750 Renee: I have bullets before, I write also for the introduction. 00:24:11.750 --> 00:24:17.400 The method section is kind of more easy for me, but the introduction is well, it's the logic 00:24:17.400 --> 00:24:19.199 that you need to have. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:24:19.199 --> 00:24:24.200 You need to say: This is my problem. This is the literature that I need to discuss. This is how they 00:24:24.200 --> 00:24:29.800 link together. And one of the biggest issues is very often that people just start writing. I'm not 00:24:29.800 --> 00:24:41.200 sure how you, how did you start? Hana: Well, I had an overview of my entire study first. So then I used that 00:24:41.200 --> 00:24:46.800 overview, but then I decided it was too messy. Then I went back to bullets. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:24:46.800 --> 00:24:55.200 And then I'm just trying to decide what bits do I put in the literature review and what bits stays 00:24:55.200 --> 00:25:05.100 in the introduction. Renee: Okay. I'll help. Why don't I stop the recording for a minute? 00:25:07.400 --> 00:25:16.700 Let me resume recording. Okay, so what we're going to talk about now 00:25:16.700 --> 00:25:23.700 is Pico and maybe I've heard about Pico, but Pico is 00:25:23.700 --> 00:25:32.200 about patient, intervention, comparison, outcome. It is a lot used in medicine and Allied Health, but 00:25:32.200 --> 00:25:38.100 also in social sciences. So it is to find a clinical question in terms of the specific patient NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:25:38.100 --> 00:25:45.000 problem and it helps the researcher in getting relevant evidence, Etc. But it's a model and it helps 00:25:45.000 --> 00:25:50.400 to define your question. So, this is the model. So, the P for patient and I think we had a look at 00:25:50.400 --> 00:25:58.600 this already. P patient. I intervention or exposure or prognostic factors. C is the group 00:25:58.600 --> 00:26:06.100 you compare it with. And the O is for outcome. If you look at more in detail... 00:26:06.100 --> 00:26:08.050 Patient, so where do you recruit? What kind of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:26:08.050 --> 00:26:14.700 patients have similar at the problems? What are the inclusion, exclusion criteria for that 00:26:14.700 --> 00:26:20.900 population? The intervention is... Okay. What is it an intervention? It's also, it's got to do with 00:26:20.900 --> 00:26:27.900 in exclusion criteria as well. Do you have a comparison group? Is that a no treatment group? Is that 00:26:27.900 --> 00:26:35.400 a group of peer controls? Is that the literature? What do you compare it with. And the outcome, what 00:26:35.400 --> 00:26:38.000 outcome measures? What do you expect of your NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:26:38.000 --> 00:26:47.500 search? Now that is Pico. Let's have a look at this one. So this is about, you can open up any 00:26:47.500 --> 00:26:53.800 magazine easy, all this nonsense. So this is about expert skincare for every age. Young aging 00:26:53.800 --> 00:27:00.400 perfect Skin. Now, if you look at things like that, there is actually a Pico behind. Do woman, 00:27:00.400 --> 00:27:06.900 use expert skincare have a younger more radiant Body Blast skin than women who do not. That is 00:27:06.900 --> 00:27:07.950 actually the research NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:27:07.950 --> 00:27:13.800 question. If you look at pico, then the P. The participants are women. The intervention is that 00:27:13.800 --> 00:27:20.300 skin scare stuff. The comparison is the ones who don't use it and the outcome is: man, do we look 00:27:20.300 --> 00:27:28.600 beautiful? That is a Pico. Now another one, same issue. We see the guy and the woman, beneath under 00:27:28.600 --> 00:27:36.000 this is a research question. It suggests something. Do men using X attract more women than when 00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:38.100 not using X. And if I look at the Pico NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:27:38.100 --> 00:27:46.500 I've got the same thing, the p is the man, the I is using X that stuff. The comparison is if I 00:27:46.500 --> 00:27:53.100 don't use and you count the number of attracted to women as an outcome measure. And we can 00:27:53.100 --> 00:27:59.800 continue. There is a reason why we're doing this, by the way. So dogs and all these clothes, Etc. 00:27:59.800 --> 00:28:06.300 What people do? So reasons why your dog really needs clothes They try to sell it all to us. 00:28:06.300 --> 00:28:07.950 In the nordics, actually NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:28:07.950 --> 00:28:15.550 dogs do need sometimes clothes, but that is because we are also freezing. But behind it is to question 00:28:15.550 --> 00:28:22.200 our dogs that we are clothed happier than dogs, that do not wear clothes? I think it's more about the 00:28:22.200 --> 00:28:26.300 owners except for in the Nordic. But, okay, this is the question. If you look, then the P is the 00:28:26.300 --> 00:28:32.000 dogs, intervention is to wearing clothes versus not wearing clothes, you measure happiness, but 00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:35.550 you can measure, bit difficult, but you can measure it. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:28:35.550 --> 00:28:45.900 Now this is more serious. So if we look at children with asthma and our statement is 00:28:45.900 --> 00:28:54.600 are children with asthma who inhaled corticosteroids more likely to result in growth delay 00:28:54.600 --> 00:29:02.300 and standard therapy with better agonists? Okay, have a look at that one. Try to find the P. 00:29:02.300 --> 00:29:04.800 I'm not going to do this in groups or ask people. 00:29:11.700 --> 00:29:13.800 What would be the P? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 00:29:15.700 --> 00:29:21.700 And I'll give you the first one. So P is children with asthma. That is your participant 00:29:21.700 --> 00:29:33.250 group. Now, the intervention is the corticosteroids. That's the intervention. The comparison is 00:29:33.250 --> 00:29:40.750 better Agonist. And the outcome is then, the growth delay. Is this clear for everybody? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:29:40.750 --> 00:29:44.699 So this is how you create a Pico. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:29:44.699 --> 00:29:54.250 I give you another one. Will the group family nurse partnership program compared to usual care 00:29:54.250 --> 00:30:01.100 have better outcome for high-risk mothers in preventing child abuse? Just have another read and try 00:30:01.100 --> 00:30:03.600 to find the P. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:30:08.500 --> 00:30:15.800 And I hope that you identify that the high-risk mothers is the participant group. Now. What is the 00:30:15.800 --> 00:30:24.300 intervention, and I hope you all agreed that is the group family nurse partnership. Now, if we 00:30:24.300 --> 00:30:26.900 look at the comparison, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:30:28.400 --> 00:30:38.500 - your usual care, compared to usual care. And the outcome in this case would be prevention of child 00:30:38.500 --> 00:30:42.400 abuse. All clear so far? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:30:44.400 --> 00:30:51.300 Then I've got another one, another Pico. And this one is about something we probably don't know what 00:30:51.300 --> 00:30:56.600 this is about. But the reason why show it to you is that whatever I see I can still do 00:30:56.600 --> 00:31:04.050 my Pico thing. Do periopridal behavioral therapy or pelvic muscle strengthening enhance 00:31:04.050 --> 00:31:09.800 quality of life after pelvic surgery? Now have a look at that one. What is happening there? And 00:31:09.800 --> 00:31:12.700 what would be my P here? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:31:12.700 --> 00:31:20.500 Well, the P stands for persons after pelvic surgery. That's a group of thinking about and then we're 00:31:20.500 --> 00:31:27.100 looking at an intervention. So what do we do with these people, with these patients? Well, I see two 00:31:27.100 --> 00:31:37.000 interventions. I see the perioperative behavioral one. And you want that to compare with the muscle 00:31:37.000 --> 00:31:42.650 strengthening. Those are the two interventions I see. The outcome again is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:31:42.650 --> 00:31:45.000 quality of life. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:51.300 If you don't agree, just speak up. This is your the time. But of course, there are 00:31:51.300 --> 00:31:58.400 many other Picos we can create. And this is a little bit small, but you've got a slide but you can 00:31:58.400 --> 00:32:05.100 see that Pico have different types of questions and then you need to fine-tune your pico a little 00:32:05.100 --> 00:32:12.650 bit. So if we look at the left you can add a Pico on a treatment or prevention, diagnosis, 00:32:12.650 --> 00:32:14.650 prognosis, or a utility. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:32:14.650 --> 00:32:22.800 But that means is this Pico on top you've got the P, C, E, O, maybe slightly 00:32:22.800 --> 00:32:27.400 different. So, if we talk about treatment, that's what we did with the 00:32:27.400 --> 00:32:34.800 patient with the disease. If we are a diagnosis and the target disease with targeting something, we 00:32:34.800 --> 00:32:41.750 are talking about here, main prognostic factors. So Picos may differ depending on the type of 00:32:41.750 --> 00:32:44.699 question you've got. Sometimes things are not applicable. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:32:44.699 --> 00:32:50.000 If you want to know the etiology, the cause of something that maybe there's not a 00:32:50.000 --> 00:32:58.500 comparison but you just want to know like, okay, your patients, the risk factors and current 00:32:58.500 --> 00:33:03.250 health disorders, and general health condition, and there is not really a comparison. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:33:03.250 --> 00:33:12.900 Okay. Now Picos, to make it more clear, different type of prescience. So therapy is in a particular 00:33:12.900 --> 00:33:20.300 disease. What is the effect of a treatment versus on outcome compared with someone else? So this is 00:33:20.300 --> 00:33:32.400 for instance in children dysphagia, what is the effect of speech-language pathology treatment on 00:33:32.400 --> 00:33:33.699 aspiration? That is if NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:33:33.699 --> 00:33:39.800 you get food in your lungs. Compare it with children that do not get the treatment. Something like 00:33:39.800 --> 00:33:45.700 that. Prevention, you can see, so you can fill in actually anything you want and then you've got a 00:33:45.700 --> 00:33:58.100 research question in therapy or prevention or diagnosis or prognosis, or etiology or meaning. For 00:33:58.100 --> 00:34:03.650 instance one more prognosis does, how about this, does stopping NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:34:03.650 --> 00:34:10.300 to smoke, influence rankasedema, which is what you get when your vocal folds, when you 00:34:10.300 --> 00:34:17.550 smoke a lot, in patients who have rankasedema. 00:34:17.550 --> 00:34:23.000 So, influence or influenced voice outcome in patients who have rankasedema. Rankasedima is 00:34:23.000 --> 00:34:29.600 vocal folds with a lot of edema in there. And if you stop smoking, that should have an impact on 00:34:29.600 --> 00:34:34.350 your voice here. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:34:34.350 --> 00:34:39.900 Is this clear to everybody? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:34:40.800 --> 00:34:47.400 And the idea was to have breakouts, but I'm not going to do that with too few people talking. 00:34:47.400 --> 00:34:56.100 So I'm going to skip this bit and I actually want to move on to some tips and tricks and then we 00:34:56.100 --> 00:35:02.400 also have got some time to have a look at Eric database afterwards. So tips and tricks. This is 00:35:02.400 --> 00:35:08.200 just some ideas about things that may help you. Not for everybody. It's not for everybody it's useful but 00:35:08.200 --> 00:35:11.050 just some tips that are there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:35:11.050 --> 00:35:16.300 And the first one is you've got the websites here. You can have a look at if you want to know more 00:35:16.300 --> 00:35:22.600 about different types of essays and information. Than in, on this website. You can see all these 00:35:22.600 --> 00:35:30.100 different types of essays and they give the content and tips and examples, Etc. So just have a look 00:35:30.100 --> 00:35:38.300 there. If that is interesting for you or not. You also have the ease guidelines and ease guidelines 00:35:38.300 --> 00:35:40.750 for authors and translators for NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:35:40.750 --> 00:35:45.800 scientific articles published in English. Again, you've got the website here, but you 00:35:45.800 --> 00:35:53.500 can also just Google the title and it is a brief explanation. It's only four pages. So, it really 00:35:53.500 --> 00:35:59.500 is quite interesting I think to have a look at, okay, what to do, and what not to do when writing 00:35:59.500 --> 00:36:05.400 an article. And especially, for those who will write an article base thesis, this might be 00:36:05.400 --> 00:36:10.750 interesting. One topic that always is a problem is plagiarism. We very often, we don't do it NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:36:10.750 --> 00:36:18.200 deliberately, but you can't just cite something from others. You can't just borrow my paragraph and 00:36:18.200 --> 00:36:23.700 put it in your thesis as you get yourself into trouble. Even if you borrow your own 00:36:23.700 --> 00:36:28.800 paragraph, from other articles that you have written yourself, you still can be accused of 00:36:28.800 --> 00:36:31.750 plagiarism. You need to rewrite it. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:36:31.750 --> 00:36:37.950 Okay, so it's only four pages. I think it's absolutely worthwhile having a look at it. 00:36:37.950 --> 00:36:46.600 Then, this is just quickly referencing style APA, while go to the library, go to write and 00:36:46.600 --> 00:36:53.100 publishing, tick that one, and there we've got referencing and if you tick that one, we end up with 00:36:53.100 --> 00:36:59.100 APA and all the information that you need and even more that you don't want. But it's all 00:36:59.100 --> 00:37:02.500 there. So the resources are quite okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:37:02.500 --> 00:37:09.350 We also talked briefly about EndNote and I strongly advise to use a reference program, weather it's 00:37:09.350 --> 00:37:18.300 endnote or mendeley or whatever you prefer, but do start using endnote, it is really important. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:37:18.300 --> 00:37:27.000 Now, that brings us all ready to that one, to scientific writing, and I give you a few hints. This is 00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:32.900 all freely available. That is a so-called Mayfield handbook, technical and scientific writing. 00:37:32.900 --> 00:37:39.900 You can Google it, very easy. And then there is editing for grammar and style. They're all 00:37:39.900 --> 00:37:46.700 these subheadings. They give you information about how not to do vague language. The layout is quite 00:37:46.700 --> 00:37:48.399 ugly, by the way, from this website. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:37:48.399 --> 00:37:53.000 But just play around and maybe you can see something that's interesting for you. It will be 00:37:53.000 --> 00:37:57.800 different for native speakers versus non-native English speakers, but just have a look, there is a 00:37:57.800 --> 00:38:07.600 lot out there. Now. This is a Strunk, one elements of style and that one has got this whole series 00:38:07.600 --> 00:38:15.000 of Elementary rules for usage if you get stuck in, do you need commas for before end or but or not 00:38:15.000 --> 00:38:18.250 or any other things? How to break sentences NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:38:18.250 --> 00:38:24.700 into or not to break sentences it to, there is a lot. You see the headings, just not going to 00:38:24.700 --> 00:38:30.000 get into details, but it is quite interesting to. Sometimes you keep making the same mistakes and 00:38:30.000 --> 00:38:35.100 sometimes you may be just need to have a look at it and try to find the answer. Whether you're doing 00:38:35.100 --> 00:38:42.350 it wrong or not. Phrase Bank, academic phrase bank. Another website from Manchester. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:38:42.350 --> 00:38:50.100 If you go for institute being critical and you take the top one highlighting inadequacies of 00:38:50.100 --> 00:38:57.500 previous studies, then they give you all these examples. Like, okay, how do you write? How do you, 00:38:57.500 --> 00:39:04.700 formulate? How do you, if you are looking for a new sentence, sometimes, I've got papers that the 00:39:04.700 --> 00:39:10.000 same methodology, but I don't want to keep writing the same sentences. Well, the academic phrase 00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:11.950 bank can help you out a little bit. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:39:11.950 --> 00:39:16.300 Again, Google and just see what's out there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:39:16.300 --> 00:39:25.200 Then we've got something that's called Grammar Monster and that is common grammar errors. And it's 00:39:25.200 --> 00:39:32.100 like, mistakes that make you look really stupid, careless. Forgiven, you can get away with 00:39:32.100 --> 00:39:39.700 or that might just annoy you but it is interesting because sometimes, as I said, you keep making the 00:39:39.700 --> 00:39:45.750 same mistakes and you're not really aware of it. Now, these are some of the mistakes that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:39:45.750 --> 00:39:53.300 quite often done. 00:40:01.400 --> 00:40:06.600 Just have a look. I'm sure there are a 00:40:06.600 --> 00:40:15.300 few things that you might be confused about. So and if you tick them then you can get a quick 00:40:15.300 --> 00:40:15.899 answer. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:40:15.899 --> 00:40:22.500 Like for instance, than and then I've seen it quite often, then with an E relates to time 00:40:22.500 --> 00:40:32.200 and than with an a is into comparison. Then with an e is ''I did this and then I went to see my 00:40:32.200 --> 00:40:40.900 grandma''. That's the then with an E. Than with an a is ''I am taller than John''. Is that is 00:40:40.900 --> 00:40:43.600 a comparison, okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:40:43.600 --> 00:40:49.100 But there is a lot more there. You can get quick answers and you can get the more elaborate answers. 00:40:49.100 --> 00:40:55.500 I think it is very useful, especially if you're just starting to write. Then there are all these 00:40:55.500 --> 00:41:03.800 logs or B Logs. This is Grammar Girl and she has got all these tips and things 00:41:03.800 --> 00:41:12.400 to do. If I tick that one, and I know that people are doing this wrong, ''e.g'' vs ''i.e'' 00:41:52.400 --> 00:41:58.800 It really makes a difference in your writing. Well things like that, you can 00:41:58.800 --> 00:42:06.100 find them there. Then there is grammarly.com and I do use that. I've got that on my laptop. I'm 00:42:06.100 --> 00:42:12.600 not a native speaker. I make spelling errors and some things are very difficult for me being a 00:42:12.600 --> 00:42:13.550 non-native speaker. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:42:13.550 --> 00:42:18.100 And I'll give you an example that I still struggle with after all those years, even though I've got 00:42:18.100 --> 00:42:28.600 a native speaker as a partner. For example, if you say ''it is good to see you'' or ''it is good seeing you'' 00:42:28.600 --> 00:42:35.400 the ind form versus infinitive. I always struggle with that. Well grammarly, she corrects me all the 00:42:35.400 --> 00:42:40.600 time when I do it wrong again. It's free. 00:42:40.600 --> 00:42:43.550 You can just Google it. You can just download it and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:42:43.550 --> 00:42:50.350 helps you. It links to Word, so in Word you can just use it or you just switch it off if you want to. 00:42:50.350 --> 00:42:56.600 And it just tells you, when you're writing, what you're doing wrong and then you can click on it and 00:42:56.600 --> 00:43:02.200 says, ''well actually here you've got a spelling error, it needs an 00:43:02.200 --> 00:43:08.000 additional s '' or it says ''well, actually that comma can go here, remove the coma. '' It gives you all 00:43:08.000 --> 00:43:13.300 these. Sometimes, don't just accept it, read what it's doing. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:43:13.300 --> 00:43:20.950 But nine out of ten it she is probably right. Melissa: Sorry, grammarly does a difference between 00:43:20.950 --> 00:43:28.000 the UK English and American English. 00:43:28.000 --> 00:43:34.500 Because when I've written like color, I've written it British English and it'll 00:43:34.500 --> 00:43:43.550 mark it like no no that's not how you spell it. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:43:43.550 --> 00:43:51.000 Renee: I must admit I sometimes ignore her. 00:43:51.000 --> 00:43:58.000 I'm not sure whether she is, I think it's American English. 00:43:58.000 --> 00:44:04.100 I don't know, but I think it is. Yeah that is annoying. 00:44:04.100 --> 00:44:10.300 But at least it will get rid of most spelling errors and I think for non-native 00:44:10.300 --> 00:44:13.450 speakers, there are NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:44:13.450 --> 00:44:20.100 rules are so complex that actually, you need to have a kind of a feeling for that. You can't always 00:44:20.100 --> 00:44:25.400 learn the rules. 00:44:30.800 --> 00:44:36.900 There are words that you can write in two different 00:44:36.900 --> 00:44:43.500 ways. That is the difference between British English and American English. So, yeah, don't NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:44:43.500 --> 00:44:50.700 accept anything. Thank you. That is absolutely true. These are 00:44:50.700 --> 00:44:54.500 just the links. I don't think you've got the slide but these are the links that are behind it. 00:44:54.500 --> 00:45:01.950 And well I can open them but I think is actually enough background and you can just give it a go 00:45:01.950 --> 00:45:11.900 and try it for yourself. I am going to stop for now the recording. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:45:12.500 --> 00:45:20.000 Because the small group like this, we're not going 00:45:20.000 --> 00:45:26.600 to work in groups or do assignments. I really think we've got at the mostly people active behind the 00:45:26.600 --> 00:45:33.900 videos, but are there any questions so far and the ones that I just showed you? There's a lot 00:45:33.900 --> 00:45:38.900 out there and some are not really my first preference but for instance Grammarly for those who are not 00:45:38.900 --> 00:45:43.450 native speakers, it might make a difference. If you are a native speaker don't use it. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:45:43.450 --> 00:45:52.900 You don't need it. Hana: Why not? I struggle with Grammmar after 00:45:52.900 --> 00:45:59.000 learning Norwegian. I have problems now. (laughs :P ) Renee: Okay. Well, what you do, of course you make typos, 00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:04.300 I make typos and that will pop up. So that is good. It is good to use whether you use 00:46:04.300 --> 00:46:09.100 grammarly or use another spelling. I would always use spelling control. You make typos and you 00:46:09.100 --> 00:46:13.400 don't see it and sometimes it interesting because you learn NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:46:13.400 --> 00:46:18.700 from it. Then grammarly she says something and you think well, actually I don't agree with you 00:46:18.700 --> 00:46:24.650 and then I start looking into it. So don't just accept anything she's telling. I'll make it a she, 00:46:24.650 --> 00:46:33.700 I don't know why, it could be a he, it's a program. I had some more quizzes, but I think we're not 00:46:33.700 --> 00:46:40.050 going to do that when we're with so few. So maybe it's more useful to have a look at Eric. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:46:40.050 --> 00:46:47.200 At least others, the ones who are hiding behind mics, are you there? Do you have a question? 00:46:47.200 --> 00:46:49.700 Otherwise, I will go to Eric. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:46:51.400 --> 00:46:54.700 We are going to Eric. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:46:56.400 --> 00:47:03.900 It's interesting, isn't it? Just for the ones who are running around now, 00:47:03.900 --> 00:47:09.400 I am not going to count who is present. I really am not, you are grown-ups. You can listen to the recording 00:47:09.400 --> 00:47:13.800 or whatever you want. It's ok. We'll go to Eric. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:47:27.200 --> 00:47:32.000 Share screen. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:47:42.900 --> 00:47:48.200 So what you do and I think you know 00:47:48.200 --> 00:47:54.200 by now how to do that, that you go to the Vista library website. Do you know how to get there, 00:47:54.200 --> 00:47:59.300 the library website and then to the library and the databases? And that's what I did. So I went to, 00:47:59.300 --> 00:48:06.300 I click Eric and I got myself into Eric. Now I can do that again that you can see what happens. 00:48:06.800 --> 00:48:09.500 So this is where you come, this way NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:48:09.500 --> 00:48:18.100 you come up. Melissa: So is it better if we use the Eric Proquest? 00:48:18.100 --> 00:48:25.200 Because wasn't this one a little bit limiting? Renee: I think I'll show you what 00:48:25.200 --> 00:48:29.400 happened when I did this and then we can have a look at this because I also that's why I did it 00:48:29.400 --> 00:48:35.100 during the break because I never use UiO. But I checked and you can export so and theRE 00:48:35.100 --> 00:48:39.450 are also filters. So I just give an example. Okay, let's do education. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:48:39.450 --> 00:48:47.350 That's a spelling error. Yes, I meant education. Thank you. Here we are. 00:48:47.350 --> 00:48:53.900 Yep. So it pops up with over a million hits. That's good. There's something in there. Now, you can 00:48:53.900 --> 00:49:01.900 do all these, you get publication dates, so let's do only this year. 00:49:01.900 --> 00:49:05.800 You should never do that. I don't think you've got a reason. I'm just lazy. I do that now because I 00:49:05.800 --> 00:49:09.550 want to reduce the numbers. And let's say you've got... NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:49:09.550 --> 00:49:12.899 I do want Journal articles. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:49:12.899 --> 00:49:18.400 That's interesting. So I've got here two limits now. 00:49:18.400 --> 00:49:28.100 I want fewer. Let's say that we say, okay, how about higher education? And I 00:49:28.100 --> 00:49:33.700 reduce it and still got seven together. Is there special needs education somewhere? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:49:35.300 --> 00:49:41.000 No then I should have used a different term and I'm interested in teachers because I want to reduce 00:49:41.000 --> 00:49:46.300 the amount. Sorry, I want to export it and I don't want 1,500. Okay. So now you can see, I've got 00:49:46.300 --> 00:49:55.550 all these filters and I've got 57. Now, in the meantime, I opened already and I'll just do this. 00:49:55.550 --> 00:50:02.500 I'll delete it because I opened, I created already a library in my endnote. So this is end 00:50:02.500 --> 00:50:05.800 node 9.33, but there's also an endpoint, a newer one. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:50:05.800 --> 00:50:12.100 So, you open one before, always before exporting, you need to create a library and I created a 00:50:12.100 --> 00:50:18.200 library that I called Bin because I want to throw it away. Yeah, so you just ignore that. You make 00:50:18.200 --> 00:50:26.100 it small. But it should be open and you go to export, I want all of them and the maximum per time 00:50:26.100 --> 00:50:31.700 that is, that is Eric. And that's very often, a database have got limits. In this case I can do 00:50:31.700 --> 00:50:35.750 200, if I do 200, I will get the 57. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:50:35.750 --> 00:50:45.900 And you click create file, at the bottom it's created. I double-click and automatically it will and 00:50:45.900 --> 00:50:53.300 then you need to choose anyone. I don't care. It just needs to get into my thing and 00:50:53.300 --> 00:50:54.600 here it is. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:50:54.600 --> 00:50:59.500 And then you've got, let's see. It should have the abstracts. Now. Let's see, has it got 00:50:59.500 --> 00:51:00.899 abstracts? Yes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:51:00.899 --> 00:51:12.000 So if I go back you can export 00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:13.750 also from Eric. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:51:13.750 --> 00:51:20.350 And here are all the filters. Every time it's a little bit different. They also have got Thesaurus. 00:51:20.350 --> 00:51:30.400 And where is my Advanced? Can I do that? 00:51:30.400 --> 00:51:38.350 I'm looking out for a mesh term or a thesaurus term, and you can see they've got 00:51:38.350 --> 00:51:44.050 some related to special education, special education teachers again. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:51:44.050 --> 00:51:49.100 And how does this look? Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:51:50.100 --> 00:51:59.700 And I get more and more disabilities, go back to the categories and now I'm lost. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:52:05.100 --> 00:52:07.800 Go back. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:15.300 This is different from what I'm used to but okay, they do have the right one. I said, I want that one. 00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:24.100 Search using. I think that is what I should do. I took the wrong one. So you can see me to in every 00:52:24.100 --> 00:52:29.800 database and it's all I need to check like, okay, how does it work? But there are many 00:52:29.800 --> 00:52:36.500 database had got these subject headings or thesaurus or mesh. And then, there is free text. 00:52:36.500 --> 00:52:42.800 But free text is very often creating way more hits. That's why you need to be careful with that. And 00:52:42.800 --> 00:52:48.600 also, with the the filters. You need to have a retionale. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:52:48.600 --> 00:52:55.200 Don't just tick the filters until the numbers fits. I'm looking for Advanced but I think this is just 00:52:55.200 --> 00:53:04.500 tips. Yeah, that's just the tips. I actually don't see the history here. That's interesting. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:53:06.600 --> 00:53:09.850 Like all the other databases. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:53:09.850 --> 00:53:16.500 No, but you are absolutely capable of exporting it, but look at this, you've got now 7000. I would 00:53:16.500 --> 00:53:24.500 not export 7,000, never ever. But if you were to do that, it will still force you to do 200 at a 00:53:24.500 --> 00:53:33.100 time. So then the first time you just say, 1 to 200 and the second time you say 201 to 400 and then 00:53:33.100 --> 00:53:38.400 401 to 600. That's how you get more if you want more. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:53:38.400 --> 00:53:45.550 But I would never export 7,000 unless I have a very good reason like a systematic review. 00:53:45.550 --> 00:53:53.100 Okay. I'm going to stop now. Any other questions or other database you've got stuck in? Eric is 00:53:53.100 --> 00:54:01.200 indeed more in education, PubMed and Embase are very Medical. But again for social sciences, you 00:54:01.200 --> 00:54:05.200 can't actually avoid them as well because they are broad. It's not just medicine and Allied 00:54:05.200 --> 00:54:08.050 Health. As I said, if I do reviews I always NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:54:08.050 --> 00:54:16.650 Use PubMed and Embase. In social sciences I add Eric, I add sometimes web of science, I add 00:54:16.650 --> 00:54:22.300 although I don't like it because I think that one doesn't have subject headings Cinahl, but it's 00:54:22.300 --> 00:54:29.300 more Allied Health. And again, if you really are doing the systematic review, check in your area. 00:54:29.300 --> 00:54:36.200 What type of what databases are the reviews include? If they include like, 12 databases, that is 00:54:36.200 --> 00:54:38.150 nonsense. That is just bragging. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:54:38.150 --> 00:54:41.600 It's over-the-top. You don't need that much databases. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:54:41.900 --> 00:54:47.900 Any other questions? Because I don't think we're going to do anything else at this moment. So shoot, 00:54:47.900 --> 00:54:53.500 if you've got a problem or anything with this searches or databases. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:54:54.500 --> 00:55:10.400 Melissa: Do you also want us to look at Scopus database? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:55:10.400 --> 00:55:19.400 Renee: Okay. Would you like me to 00:55:19.400 --> 00:55:24.800 show you how you do Scope again? Melissa: Well, I just want to know if that's also something that we 00:55:24.800 --> 00:55:32.350 should be thinking about when doing our our proposal and theses. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:55:32.350 --> 00:55:38.700 Renee: You don't necessarily need to do it. The reason why I actually did it is sometimes people come 00:55:38.700 --> 00:55:43.900 to you and they will say they are fantastic researchers. What do we know? You can tell me '' I'm god'' 00:55:43.900 --> 00:55:49.900 But still, then you put me in scopus and you see, well, that's relative. 00:55:49.900 --> 00:55:54.500 So people can think they are fantastic. That's okay. And maybe there are good and maybe they've written 00:55:54.500 --> 00:56:00.200 books. Maybe they've done God knows what, maybe they got good PR, but if we talk about academic 00:56:00.200 --> 00:56:02.300 achievement you go to Scopus NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:56:02.300 --> 00:56:07.000 and see what they published. And that also gives you information whether other people 00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:12.700 actually reference them. I mean, of course if you do research but nobody refers to 00:56:12.700 --> 00:56:21.100 your research... Yeah, that's a little bit problematic. It's more that you know, it's there that you 00:56:21.100 --> 00:56:27.400 can use it, don't get lost in Scopus. It's just play around. You can play with it and you can know 00:56:27.400 --> 00:56:32.350 it exists. And especially I'm allergic to people who believe they are fantastic. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:56:32.350 --> 00:56:42.800 I just put them in Scopus. Nobody can lie to Scopus. Okay, if you don't have any more 00:56:42.800 --> 00:56:50.700 questions, then I'm just going to let you go and we've got lecture on Monday. Yeah, 00:56:50.700 --> 00:56:56.900 and we talk further. Okay. Have a good day. At least I know there were three people that I 00:56:56.900 --> 00:57:02.250 know here. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, I really NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 68% (MEDIUM) 00:57:02.250 --> 00:57:14.950 appreciate it. Hana: Sorry, one last question, one more question. So many questions this lady. Yeah. 00:57:14.950 --> 00:57:21.500 Okay, so I'm using statistics in Norway to just get some stats of the children in school who 00:57:21.500 --> 00:57:29.100 are in Special Needs. How do you want us to present? Because it's a table that you can actually 00:57:29.100 --> 00:57:32.350 customize yourself. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:57:32.350 --> 00:57:39.900 Do you want us to present the table or do I just write it and then cite SSD, or... Renee: The talking is about your 00:57:39.900 --> 00:57:47.000 research proposal, isn't it? Yes. I think in your research proposal, you can describe it or do 00:57:47.000 --> 00:57:49.650 you say, well you need all data? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:57:49.650 --> 00:57:57.900 No, then describe and refer to it because that is the only reason, that moment that moment absolutely you 00:57:57.900 --> 00:58:03.400 can refer to website. It's absolutely correct. But that is indeed an 00:58:03.400 --> 00:58:11.750 exceptional one. Please just describe it and refer to it. And add your source, 00:58:11.750 --> 00:58:18.200 please. I know I repeat myself, but I know people who don't do 00:58:18.200 --> 00:58:20.350 it and that's why I repeat myself so much. I'm sorry, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:58:20.350 --> 00:58:30.200 I apologize. Hana: Oh, that's good. Like, just keep keep it going because, I do refer to the 00:58:30.200 --> 00:58:39.400 utdanningsdirektoratet and because I'm doing basically Oslo 00:58:39.400 --> 00:58:47.400 there's the county web page about what the rules are or something with special needs. 00:58:50.100 --> 00:58:55.300 Renee: But that makes sense. If you want to compare it with literature out there, then you need to have original legitimate 00:58:55.300 --> 00:59:00.000 websites. But of course if you say well these are the data from Oslo then you need 00:59:00.000 --> 00:59:09.900 those data. Absolutely. Okay. Yeah. Run for coffee because I'm going to do that. Okay. 00:59:09.900 --> 00:59:12.990 I'm going to see you on Monday. Bye bye.