WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:16.800 *starting from second sixteen* 00:00:16.800 --> 00:00:40.850 Okay, so I think we can start. Hi everybody. 00:00:40.850 --> 00:00:48.000 Welcome back. Today it's more intimate and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:00:48.000 --> 00:01:02.900 familiar like this, right? So today was a bit harder with more stuff to read but it was 00:01:02.900 --> 00:01:10.500 actually very important because today we are going to work on the interviewing, which is 00:01:10.500 --> 00:01:17.200 another basic very basic skill no matter which method you want to use. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:01:17.200 --> 00:01:26.700 So today as usual, we'll have the first half for question and answer and then we will do some kind of 00:01:26.700 --> 00:01:36.150 practice on interviewing. Before starting, actually I got some questions and I think I need to 00:01:36.150 --> 00:01:41.950 point out a couple of things. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:01:41.950 --> 00:01:52.300 So first of all, some of you wrote me about the late assignment, and actually it was very hard to 00:01:52.300 --> 00:01:54.500 for me to understand. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:01:55.100 --> 00:02:06.200 What's that? I never gave an assignment. Of course, the Sped students they really have a ... (undetected) 00:02:06.200 --> 00:02:17.500 but that's another thing. So I would like to clarify something guys. In my view, we are not at 00:02:17.500 --> 00:02:24.650 school. We are being trained together as professionals, so no homework. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:02:24.650 --> 00:02:34.600 It's not about homework, it is not an assignment. What I tried to set up is the opportunity to 00:02:34.600 --> 00:02:43.900 have to go deeper and go beyond the reading, not just repeating things that you can already read in 00:02:43.900 --> 00:02:49.800 the books. So this idea of the questions and comments time is an opportunity, it is not an 00:02:49.800 --> 00:02:54.500 assignment. So this is the opportunity for you to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:02:54.500 --> 00:03:04.300 ask things that you don't understand clearly from the readings, but also the opportunity for you to 00:03:04.300 --> 00:03:13.600 bring something to the group. So it's not an assignment. I'm asking you to do that because I think 00:03:13.600 --> 00:03:20.800 it's important for the learning process of all of us. The second thing is I want 00:03:20.800 --> 00:03:24.700 to make clear, as you have seen NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:24.700 --> 00:03:36.000 we have these practical activities that so far in small groups. It was really a challenge 00:03:36.000 --> 00:03:42.800 to design these during the corona time and with this kind of strange splitting between home and the 00:03:42.800 --> 00:03:53.100 classroom, but the small group work is part of the learning process. So it's not something 00:03:53.100 --> 00:03:54.450 that we do just like this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:03:54.450 --> 00:04:03.600 It's also part of the learning process working in groups, and not working in groups 00:04:03.600 --> 00:04:10.200 of friends that, you know since the high school. In your profession, you will work in teams and you 00:04:10.200 --> 00:04:16.200 will work with any kind of people. So that's part of the learning process, how to deal with 00:04:16.200 --> 00:04:22.800 people you don't know very well, how to understand each other, how to build the collaboration. 00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:32.600 The third, questions I got about these joint lecture. Again, this is part of the learning 00:04:32.600 --> 00:04:41.700 process as well, for two very important reasons. The first one is that, all of you are 00:04:41.700 --> 00:04:50.400 going to work in more and more multicultural environments. Probably you know this. And it's very 00:04:50.400 --> 00:04:54.450 important that in your learning process, you include also NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:04:54.450 --> 00:05:05.799 the fact working with the maximum of diversity in any case. Also because, 00:05:05.799 --> 00:05:14.400 we are not only here to take, but also to give. It means that each one of us has a 00:05:14.400 --> 00:05:22.900 different experience and this is a richness. This is something that other faculties do not have so 00:05:22.900 --> 00:05:24.500 much, so make profit of this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:05:24.500 --> 00:05:33.100 So the fact that the groups for instance are mixing the Sped and Sne students is 00:05:33.100 --> 00:05:40.250 part of the learning process. I want you to work with any kind of people and learn how to do that. 00:05:40.250 --> 00:05:47.400 That's very important. That's very important, I think especially when you do qualitative research, 00:05:47.400 --> 00:05:54.350 but not only, also when you will do your profession. So, these were the some questions I got and 00:05:54.350 --> 00:05:59.200 I wanted to explain the reason for this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:05:59.200 --> 00:06:11.200 Saying that, I expect from you to be professionals, to be open, to be collaborative and 00:06:11.200 --> 00:06:23.900 to be ready to learn. So let's go, let's move to the questions I received this week 00:06:23.900 --> 00:06:29.550 - actually not this week, it's actually yesterday because time was really narrow, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:06:29.550 --> 00:06:39.000 a lot of readings in few days - However, I got a group thing in the 00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:51.600 questions and I got very different and sometimes very difficult things to handle. I had to work 00:06:51.600 --> 00:06:59.550 until late night yesterday to answer these questions. And I'm not still sure I answered properly, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:06:59.550 --> 00:07:11.549 but I will try. So I will talk about four topics and I will try to be as fast as possible 00:07:11.549 --> 00:07:20.000 because I want to give more space to the training through today because it is very important. 00:07:20.000 --> 00:07:29.000 So the first question is a very specific question and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:07:29.200 --> 00:07:50.500 it has to do with a particular concept or word which is used in the chapter on 00:07:50.500 --> 00:07:59.550 the form of question, in surveys. So what is the idea? Someone asked me to clarify. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:07:59.550 --> 00:08:05.700 the difference between straightforward mapping and complicated mappings in surveys 00:08:05.700 --> 00:08:11.799 question. I took this question as very relevant. Why? Because it's actually 00:08:11.799 --> 00:08:24.300 touches the core of the chapter, which is the fact that no matter how much standardized your 00:08:24.300 --> 00:08:29.850 instruments are - for insance very standardized, highly standardized survey - NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:08:29.850 --> 00:08:39.700 it's still a process of meaning making and interpretation. So you can never take for granted 00:08:39.700 --> 00:08:47.600 that your understanding what is written on the survey item and you understand the 00:08:47.600 --> 00:08:55.200 meaning of the participant are equal. And this is very very important sometimes. The chapter 00:08:55.200 --> 00:08:57.800 gives a lot of examples. 00:09:04.350 --> 00:09:15.000 Usually the idea of interpretation is somehow opposed to the idea of objectivity. So an 00:09:15.000 --> 00:09:21.200 objective instrument is the one that leaves no space for interpretation. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:09:21.200 --> 00:09:28.100 On the question, for instance. So everybody is interpreting the question the very same way... That's 00:09:28.100 --> 00:09:37.800 impossible, completely impossible. It's kind of ideal condition that will be never be 00:09:37.800 --> 00:09:47.000 reached. So, of course you can try to approximate to kind of shared understanding, but 00:09:47.000 --> 00:09:51.050 interpretation is always there and you must be aware of it. Okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:09:51.050 --> 00:09:54.950 So what does mean mapping? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:09:54.950 --> 00:10:08.000 The idea of mapping is that we use language to map reality into the question, somehow. In the case of, 00:10:08.000 --> 00:10:18.100 the example of straightforward and complicated mappings has to do with how much freedom or 00:10:18.100 --> 00:10:25.200 space for the interpretation of the answer by the participant is provided. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:10:25.200 --> 00:10:33.900 when you ask apparently standardized question. And in the chapter you have the example, 00:10:33.900 --> 00:10:39.700 like for instance, if I ask you, what's your name? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:10:40.400 --> 00:10:49.600 Well, it looks like a very straight-forward questions. Okay, you can answer. Well, in the United States 00:10:49.600 --> 00:10:58.000 that will be a bit more complicated as well as in Latin America, because in the United States you of 00:10:58.000 --> 00:11:00.650 often have the middle name. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:11:00.650 --> 00:11:12.800 In Latin America, in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries you can have like one Juan Carlo de Souza 00:11:12.800 --> 00:11:20.800 Santos bla bla. So in everyday life, you say I'm Juan Carlos de Souza, but in official answers you should 00:11:20.800 --> 00:11:30.600 provide all your name, second name and parents name, so it can be six-seven words. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:11:30.600 --> 00:11:38.500 So even this very simple question have can have at least two interpretations. 00:11:38.500 --> 00:11:53.300 So you see how it's always there? Neverthless, these kind of question can 00:11:53.300 --> 00:12:00.550 be considered straightforward mapping. So they leave a short space for interpretation. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:00.550 --> 00:12:10.700 That also mean knees interpretation. So two people can answer the same question, imagine 00:12:10.700 --> 00:12:20.900 that you asked ''how many family members you have in your family? '' Apparently it's kind of 00:12:20.900 --> 00:12:27.400 straightforward. You say we are four, we are six... But two people can have 00:12:27.400 --> 00:12:30.700 different meaning of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:30.700 --> 00:12:33.000 family members. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:33.300 --> 00:12:37.000 How many family members do you have? *students says 3* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:12:42.100 --> 00:12:45.700 Three, okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.600 Which is? *students says my father, mother, brother* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:12:50.700 --> 00:12:57.000 What about your grandparents? What about your uncles? 00:12:57.000 --> 00:13:02.000 Cousins? Are they part of the family or not? *student saying no* NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:13:03.300 --> 00:13:09.400 Okay, that's your answer. Another person coming from a different cultural 00:13:09.400 --> 00:13:12.500 background will answer 20. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:13:13.200 --> 00:13:20.700 Of course, grandparents, my cousins, my uncles are part of the family. Of course, sometimes they 00:13:20.700 --> 00:13:28.100 live together. So you see, the chapter is about this. 00:13:39.700 --> 00:13:44.000 Okay, this is about apparently, simple questions. Okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:13:44.000 --> 00:13:52.700 The example provided in the chapter talks about when you have, for instance, surveys about your daily 00:13:52.700 --> 00:14:01.500 behavior. There is one example about furnitures. Did you buy new 00:14:01.500 --> 00:14:04.600 furnitures last year? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:12.200 It looks like a easy and straight-forward scenario. Well, it depends what you mean 00:14:12.200 --> 00:14:14.200 by furnitures. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:14:14.900 --> 00:14:27.400 Okay, did you buy Furnitures? *student says ''yes, drawer''* 00:14:27.400 --> 00:14:34.050 What about the lamp? Is it a furniture or not? What about the ceiling lamp? Is it a furniture or not? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:34.050 --> 00:14:43.200 What is the problem? The problem is that when you are the interviewer NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:14:43.300 --> 00:14:51.800 and you are told that you should strictly follow the script and never give explanations to 00:14:51.800 --> 00:15:00.800 the interviewee, how can you be sure that he got the question in the right way. 00:15:00.800 --> 00:15:08.300 So what I want you to take from this is that you can never escape the 00:15:08.300 --> 00:15:12.800 problem of meaning. It's always there. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:15:15.000 --> 00:15:24.300 I found this striking, the last result that is presented in the chapter. 00:15:24.300 --> 00:15:30.200 If you have to do with this so-called complicated mappings. So when you are 00:15:30.200 --> 00:15:37.950 asking question about scenarios that can be articulated that can include a lot of 00:15:37.950 --> 00:15:42.900 cultural differences. Well, even the standard, so-called standardized NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:15:42.900 --> 00:15:51.100 questions, they work only less than 1/3 of the time. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:15:51.300 --> 00:16:01.100 So it's basically the same as a semi-structured interview. 00:16:01.100 --> 00:16:13.200 So, that's thedifference. So next question, very important question about the concept of emergence NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:14.400 --> 00:16:25.800 that you find in the chapter on focus groups. The chapter is how we can allow emergence in focus 00:16:25.800 --> 00:16:40.900 group interviews. What is emergence?Have you ever heard about Gestalt Psychology? 00:16:42.800 --> 00:16:48.300 It's about emergence. So the room NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:48.300 --> 00:16:54.500 has properties that the single parts do not have. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:16:54.900 --> 00:17:04.700 And these properties emerge or become acquired by the room only when the room is working 00:17:04.700 --> 00:17:13.300 together. That's a very basic principle of System Theory, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:17:15.500 --> 00:17:29.200 which is present in a lot of psychological theories, of educational 00:17:29.200 --> 00:17:37.500 theories and can take different names. *giving examples of different names of it but it's undetectable to subtitle* 00:17:37.500 --> 00:17:45.900 We don't recognize faces by it's NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:17:45.900 --> 00:17:53.800 single parts. To recognize the face, you see the eyes, the mouth... I recognize a 00:17:53.800 --> 00:18:01.700 physiognomy. So, the totality, the combination. You find this concept everywhere. That's why it's 00:18:01.700 --> 00:18:10.350 very important. And also tells has something that if we want to understand the emergence, 00:18:10.350 --> 00:18:15.900 the emerging properties, we always have to study the room. In the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:18:15.900 --> 00:18:26.100 case of the focus group chapter it says two things, we can consider the emergence at two 00:18:26.100 --> 00:18:34.700 different levels. In a focus group, we can consider the emergence if we understand that a 00:18:34.700 --> 00:18:44.700 group is more than the sum of the individuals, a group is not just four or five individuals 00:18:44.700 --> 00:18:45.800 together. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:18:45.800 --> 00:18:54.800 When you put this individuals together, something new comes out. How can we become aware of what is 00:18:54.800 --> 00:19:07.400 coming out? Kurt Levine group theory is based on this principle for instance. The second is the 00:19:07.400 --> 00:19:15.250 idea that - and that's the methodological innovation proposed in the chapter - is that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:19:16.800 --> 00:19:31.699 a rule can also be a set of focus groups. So different focus groups can have emergent properties NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:19:31.699 --> 00:19:37.250 than a single focus group. What kind of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:19:37.250 --> 00:19:48.750 system of focus groups can we create? There are two possibilities. We can consider 00:19:48.750 --> 00:20:00.800 the same group of people over time, how it develops over time. And consider, the different encounters 00:20:00.800 --> 00:20:06.050 as a system, as a whole. And we can try to see what is emerging NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:20:06.050 --> 00:20:16.000 in the process during the different encounters or we can consider different groups has a rule. So we 00:20:16.000 --> 00:20:23.700 can collect, we can observe the emerging properties, in the sense what we know, 00:20:23.700 --> 00:20:31.400 what we learn from these groups when we put together different groups. So for instance, imagine 00:20:31.400 --> 00:20:37.100 that you want to know something about how people perceive disability in society. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:20:37.800 --> 00:20:48.550 How people make sense of disability in society. 00:20:48.550 --> 00:20:55.500 If you interview individually, the people, you will learn something. If you put them together in 00:20:55.500 --> 00:21:01.900 one single focus group, something new will emerge from that focus group discussion that you can 00:21:01.900 --> 00:21:03.600 grasp. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:21:03.900 --> 00:21:13.200 If you put together the same focus group over time, the discussion will develop further. So some new 00:21:13.200 --> 00:21:21.400 properties will emerge. So you will learn something new about the idea, the meaning-making of 00:21:21.400 --> 00:21:29.800 disability in society. Now, that's one way of allowing emerging properties to come out, another 00:21:29.800 --> 00:21:33.000 way is; imagine that you have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:33.400 --> 00:21:37.400 one focus group of children, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:37.400 --> 00:21:44.300 kindergarten children. One focus group of high school students. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:21:44.300 --> 00:21:54.700 One focus group of elders. And you observe the discussion in these 3 groups 00:21:54.700 --> 00:22:01.400 groups and putting together what is coming out from these three discussions, you will learn 00:22:01.400 --> 00:22:09.800 something. Like, for instance, how the meaning-making is acquired during the age development, and 00:22:09.800 --> 00:22:14.800 how for instance children - That's just a hypothesis. I'm not saying it's true - but, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:22:14.800 --> 00:22:21.600 how children and elderly... Maybe they have something in common in their understanding of this. So it's 00:22:21.600 --> 00:22:28.700 it's a very important starting point for further research. Oh, how is 00:22:28.700 --> 00:22:34.550 possible that the elders and children they share some understanding of disability. 00:22:34.550 --> 00:22:39.800 You see, something new is emerge and you can go investigate that, that's the idea of 00:22:39.800 --> 00:22:42.449 emergence. Hope it was clear. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:22:42.449 --> 00:22:44.350 Any question? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:22:44.350 --> 00:22:46.400 Okay. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:22:46.800 --> 00:22:58.000 Next. That's a great question about the goal of interview. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:23:00.200 --> 00:23:08.300 If we can use the school and the surrounding as a setting for the 00:23:08.300 --> 00:23:13.700 interview... Of course we can, of course we can. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:13.900 --> 00:23:23.300 I would not say that we must use this and only this, for instance the school. And of course there are 00:23:23.300 --> 00:23:35.700 several studies that do this. For instance I am participating in a research project in Brazil, 00:23:35.700 --> 00:23:44.150 which is exactly about the everyday transition from the community to school of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:23:44.150 --> 00:23:52.900 children and adolescence living in poor communities. There are in Brazil, there are in some 00:23:52.900 --> 00:24:01.650 special parts of the town called Favelas, which are basically 00:24:01.650 --> 00:24:11.100 low income families and these communities are - one community in particular - is completely surrounded by 00:24:11.100 --> 00:24:14.500 very rich neighborhoods. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:24:14.500 --> 00:24:20.500 It was actually a very old community, which is completely surrounded by very rich and you have 00:24:20.500 --> 00:24:29.900 police at the border of this community. Children, every day they have to go out from 00:24:29.900 --> 00:24:38.600 their community and go to the school outside, have to cross these checpoints of police. 00:24:38.600 --> 00:24:44.850 So we are using exactly go along interviews NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:24:44.850 --> 00:24:55.550 to study the experience of this children who are migrating or making a transition every day from 00:24:55.550 --> 00:25:03.100 their community in which they are just members of their community and their families, they go to 00:25:03.100 --> 00:25:07.900 school and they become immediately poor students. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:25:09.200 --> 00:25:15.500 Oh, you come from the poor community. So, all the expectations, for instance about your performance, 00:25:15.500 --> 00:25:23.000 are somehow prejudiced by this. Than you go back home and you're just a member of your community. 00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:30.000 Nobody's considering you are a poor boy, for instance. And so that's exactly how you use the goal 00:25:30.000 --> 00:25:37.150 of interview. And the other important thing is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:25:37.150 --> 00:25:48.200 that we usually have this idea 00:25:48.200 --> 00:25:53.600 of the context. So, okay, you have here, you have your context 00:25:53.600 --> 00:26:03.300 which is home context and then you have the school context. If you pick 00:26:03.300 --> 00:26:04.650 the child NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:26:04.650 --> 00:26:13.000 from one context to the other, something will change. You can study this change. As in the context 00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:21.200 is something fixed, already given and you just pick one person from one context to the other and see 00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:28.150 what happens. So that's one perspective to see it. What if, instead NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:26:28.150 --> 00:26:37.500 it is the opposite. It's the child, it's actually the child's movement, which is actually 00:26:37.500 --> 00:26:46.400 connecting the home and school, creating a system? Without the child, for instance, the parents and 00:26:46.400 --> 00:26:49.000 the teacher will never meet. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:26:49.100 --> 00:26:56.200 So is the child, who is creating the relationship between school and family for instance? Just 00:26:56.200 --> 00:27:04.700 an example. Another type of study which has been done, imagine a 00:27:04.700 --> 00:27:13.800 person with some kind of disability. You can interview this person about the problems and the 00:27:13.800 --> 00:27:19.800 barriers or you can have a goal on interview with this person, with this child for instance NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:27:19.800 --> 00:27:22.900 about going from home to school everyday. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:27:22.900 --> 00:27:32.200 Imagine how more rich and powerful will be this go along interview, in this case from home to 00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:33.850 the neighborhood. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:27:33.850 --> 00:27:42.600 Or something about young girl, going from home to school and going on interview about the 00:27:42.600 --> 00:27:51.900 sense of safety or unsafety. How do you perceive safety or an unsafety? For instance I did this 00:27:51.900 --> 00:27:58.200 kind of study, not with a young girl, but with the woman walking from the center of the town 00:27:58.200 --> 00:28:04.600 to the periphery of the town. How do you know that you are in the periphery? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:28:05.100 --> 00:28:11.900 They're just walking the streets. How do you know that you are now in the periphery and you start 00:28:11.900 --> 00:28:15.450 feeling somehow a bit more unsafe? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:28:15.450 --> 00:28:19.050 How this happens, what are the signs NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:28:19.050 --> 00:28:28.400 that makes you perceive this? So these are the all examples of how you can apply this to school and 00:28:28.400 --> 00:28:30.700 local settings. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:28:30.700 --> 00:28:43.300 What time is it? Sorry. 00:28:43.300 --> 00:28:51.900 *student telling the time* Okay, just the last question. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:28:53.200 --> 00:29:02.300 Actually you gave me a lot of work this time. So the last question is very, very important as well. 00:29:02.300 --> 00:29:13.500 Can we generalize by interviewing the same group of people that in an earlier study? Okay, 00:29:13.500 --> 00:29:21.350 I can interpret. I had the complicated mapping on this question, actually. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:29:21.350 --> 00:29:32.100 So I interpreted in two ways. The first is, I interpret this question as a question about replication. 00:29:32.400 --> 00:29:42.350 I will tell you something about replication, you know that from also the other lectures 00:29:42.350 --> 00:29:49.500 that replicability is one of the of the of the quality NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:29:50.900 --> 00:29:59.900 dimensions of research. But what does replicability mean? What does it mean to replicate a study or 00:29:59.900 --> 00:30:11.300 research? So, a replication is an independent repetition of a study. You can have different 00:30:11.300 --> 00:30:13.550 kind of replications. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:30:13.550 --> 00:30:21.300 First, exactly trying to replicate the study. So you use the same participants, data, methodology and see 00:30:21.300 --> 00:30:34.400 if it works. You can have a replication in which you use the same procedure but with new data, 00:30:34.400 --> 00:30:43.400 so you collect new data and see if it works, if the hypothesis is still working. 00:30:43.650 --> 00:30:52.100 Or you can have replication, which is called conceptual replication. It means, I don't want to know if the 00:30:52.100 --> 00:31:02.650 researcher, the first researcher did right. I want to know if the hypothesis or the concept NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:31:02.650 --> 00:31:10.750 that the researcher, the first researchers used is valid. In this case I can create a different 00:31:10.750 --> 00:31:17.900 procedure or different data or different population and replicate the study in such a way that the 00:31:17.900 --> 00:31:26.500 concept is still there, but the procedure is different. So these are three example 00:31:26.500 --> 00:31:31.150 of replication. Probably you have heard NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:31:31.150 --> 00:31:41.200 that psychology is in a replication crisis. Have you ever heard about this? 00:31:41.200 --> 00:31:43.250 The replication crisis? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:31:43.250 --> 00:31:45.150 No. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:31:45.150 --> 00:31:55.600 Okay. A few years ago there was a big boom in experimental psychology, because some people started 00:31:55.600 --> 00:32:08.350 to try to replicate the famous studies in Psychology, experimental studies in psychology, and they failed. 00:32:08.350 --> 00:32:18.650 So a lot, a lot of studies that we consider like the milestones in experimental psychology, 00:32:18.650 --> 00:32:23.750 if you try to replicate them, they fail. You don't get the same results. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:32:23.750 --> 00:32:26.950 And it was a really big thing. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:32:26.950 --> 00:32:37.700 It was a world crisis and it led to, it still leading to a great debate about... You know, 00:32:37.700 --> 00:32:42.449 some results, they discovered that some results were simply fake. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:32:42.449 --> 00:32:48.600 Just the researcher faked the results. Faked data. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:32:49.500 --> 00:33:00.200 Imagine you're a big name in pyschology, because you discovered some 00:33:00.200 --> 00:33:08.100 famous psychological effect and than 20 years later, someone discovers 00:33:08.100 --> 00:33:10.700 that you faked your data. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:33:10.700 --> 00:33:21.400 Just an example, but it's been a big debate. Actually in the first article, 00:33:21.400 --> 00:33:27.300 in the first exercise we did, there was a mention of this replication crisis in Psychology. So, are we 00:33:27.300 --> 00:33:38.750 really doing something useful for society? So that's the concept of replication. There is also 00:33:38.750 --> 00:33:41.000 another way NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:33:41.000 --> 00:33:48.700 - which is for me more interesting way to understand that question - if, let's say 00:33:48.700 --> 00:34:00.300 that we take people from a study done by someone else ten years before and then we go back to 00:34:00.300 --> 00:34:04.400 these people and interview them again. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:34:04.400 --> 00:34:09.800 After 10 years. Can we learn something? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:34:10.199 --> 00:34:15.149 It can be a follow-up study, of course. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:34:15.149 --> 00:34:25.400 But we can also maybe interview those people on the same topic of the first study and see how 00:34:25.400 --> 00:34:31.400 something changed, or how they changed. For instance, another question would be how those people have 00:34:31.400 --> 00:34:38.000 changed, participating to that study. Because we don't consider... NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:34:38.000 --> 00:34:46.900 You remember the concept of emergence, a system. When we as a researcher enter in a relationship with 00:34:46.900 --> 00:34:50.600 a participant, we create a system. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:34:50.600 --> 00:34:59.950 And when a system is created, you just don't break it by interrupting the relationship. 00:34:59.950 --> 00:35:09.100 When you enter in a relationship with any human being, you change. So, you as a researcher change and 00:35:09.100 --> 00:35:15.800 he or she as a person has changed. So that will be a study. And actually I have an example of this 00:35:15.800 --> 00:35:19.899 study, very short story. Let me tell you a story. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:35:19.899 --> 00:35:32.000 Maybe some of you have heard of a very famous psychology experiment called ''Obedience'' by famous 00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:35.750 psychologist called Stanley Milgram. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:35:35.750 --> 00:35:44.350 You may know this experiment because it was the experiment in which there was one fake researcher 00:35:44.350 --> 00:35:52.100 and one real participant. And the participant was told to give electric shock to a fake person. 00:35:52.100 --> 00:36:02.000 Now you know it, right? Okay. So, what we know from this experiment 00:36:02.000 --> 00:36:06.700 experiment is that a surprisingly high NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:36:07.900 --> 00:36:16.900 quantity of people accepted to give electric shock, only to obey the researcher, and that was 00:36:16.900 --> 00:36:25.100 very surprising. But what we don't usually know is that after this, there were interviews with 00:36:25.100 --> 00:36:26.700 the participants. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:36:26.700 --> 00:36:33.500 And the interview, the way people make meaning of this, is the most interesting part of the study. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:36:34.649 --> 00:36:50.100 So that's the story, 20 years after this famous experiment, one journalist tried to find one of 00:36:50.100 --> 00:36:57.600 the original participants and interview this person on his experience. He was an 00:36:57.600 --> 00:36:59.900 old Jewish guy. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:37:00.600 --> 00:37:11.500 And during the interview, this man said: Of course, I never even thought about giving an 00:37:11.500 --> 00:37:14.000 electric shock someone. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:37:15.900 --> 00:37:26.200 So it's not true that people simply obeyed the researcher authority. People making a 00:37:26.200 --> 00:37:33.800 lot of sense of it. So you see, he says: I'm Jewish, how can I even think doing this in the 1950s? 00:37:33.800 --> 00:37:41.400 After the second world war... to do something like this, or to obey such kind of of authority? Of 00:37:41.400 --> 00:37:43.150 course, no way. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:37:43.150 --> 00:37:49.900 If you look, if you read carefully to the data and you carefully read the interviews, 00:37:49.900 --> 00:37:58.800 you realize that, that was just kind of headline. So many people, %46 of people gave 00:37:58.800 --> 00:38:06.000 a strong electric shock only to obey the researcher. Actually, the situation was more much more 00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:12.550 complex and you can discover this only if you go back and interview the same group of people after years. 00:38:12.550 --> 00:38:19.800 Okay, that's an example. And this is not considered replication by the way 00:38:19.800 --> 00:38:29.900 in methodological terms. I think that was the last question. Yes, okay. What time is it? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:38:32.300 --> 00:38:41.000 Okay, 5 to 13.00 perfect. So we have enough time. Okay, today we work a little bit on interviews. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:38:44.900 --> 00:38:52.700 It's basically very easy. I ask you to interview someone on the spot. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:38:54.700 --> 00:39:08.950 It's easy, don't worry. So here, what I would like to. I actually have to say something 00:39:08.950 --> 00:39:17.500 before this, even though you will find this. I would like to think about, reflect a 00:39:17.500 --> 00:39:25.400 little bit about the slides later. Okay, so when you start the interview, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:39:25.400 --> 00:39:34.000 I want you to keep in mind that this is not kind of a aseptic or 00:39:34.000 --> 00:39:39.149 distance operation. You are entering into a social relationship. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:39:39.149 --> 00:39:47.400 How do you enter to the social relationship? How do you gain the trust of another person? How do you 00:39:47.400 --> 00:39:49.850 empathize with another person? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:39:49.850 --> 00:39:57.200 Imagine that someone stops you in the streets and ask you ''Oh, when did you have sex 00:39:57.200 --> 00:40:04.100 last time? '' You would say ''Are you crazy?!'' Now imagine, imagine a child. You go to school and start 00:40:04.100 --> 00:40:13.150 asking ''How many times you do something during the week? '' Why should I answer you? 00:40:13.150 --> 00:40:19.550 What kind of relationship are we able to establish with people? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:40:19.550 --> 00:40:24.700 Start thinking about this. Where this happens? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:40:24.700 --> 00:40:32.400 What is the real setting? Usually they tell you that an interview should happen in a quiet place, 00:40:32.400 --> 00:40:39.600 you know, just sitting on two sides of the desks in a kind of neutral and quite situation. That's 00:40:39.600 --> 00:40:46.800 not neutral at all. It looks like you're at the doctor office. So what would be instead a different 00:40:46.800 --> 00:40:54.100 setting for an interview? So think about this aspect. Now I give you the task. People from 00:40:54.100 --> 00:41:01.950 home can do that as well very easily. Okay, so we form our groups. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:41:01.950 --> 00:41:08.800 This time bit smaller, around four people. Of course, if you are three or five it's not a 00:41:08.800 --> 00:41:15.400 problem. But if you are in mixed group, I want you to collaborate. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:41:16.100 --> 00:41:33.300 And also, just check the language. So, of course, you have one group speaker. 00:41:33.300 --> 00:41:42.800 One person from the group you choose is the interviewer and the other one is the interviewee. 00:41:42.800 --> 00:41:50.800 No matter, you choose. The other people have the task NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:41:50.800 --> 00:42:03.750 to carefully observe the interaction and they will take notes and give feedback on the interview. 00:42:03.750 --> 00:42:11.250 I will give you some leading questions. Some things you have to care about, special. 00:42:11.250 --> 00:42:15.100 It's very easy. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:42:15.100 --> 00:42:26.300 You just think how to ask questions. More or less you have 25 minutes 00:42:26.300 --> 00:42:34.400 for the interview. But I think only 15 minutes will be necessary, you can already do a 00:42:34.400 --> 00:42:44.350 very good interview. After the interview, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:42:44.350 --> 00:42:56.149 the work group is starting to discuss. What I suggest is the following: First, the interviewer is 00:42:56.149 --> 00:43:04.000 sharing his or her own impressions. ''Oh, I think I could do this, I did this. '' Okay, than the 00:43:04.000 --> 00:43:11.100 interviewee, the participant is telling his perspective and you will see how these perspectives are 00:43:11.100 --> 00:43:14.650 really different sometimes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:43:14.650 --> 00:43:24.350 Than the observers give their feedback. This is actually how you train to interview 00:43:24.350 --> 00:43:33.100 professionally. This is exactly what you do in a interview training. You have the couple and you 00:43:33.100 --> 00:43:37.100 have the observer, or the supervisor. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:43:37.700 --> 00:43:44.700 Yeah, is it clear? Any question? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:43:47.500 --> 00:43:59.800 I'm giving you very, very easy tasks. So this is what the observer should keep in 00:43:59.800 --> 00:44:09.500 mind. I will give you this, I will leave this last slide online in the group's. 00:44:09.500 --> 00:44:15.000 We can copy and paste. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:44:15.000 --> 00:44:28.300 Okay, so think about this. Do I need to explain something? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:44:30.400 --> 00:44:37.899 Not for the moment. I would like you to try the first time in a very naive way. 00:44:37.899 --> 00:44:50.200 Don't think in too complicated terms. Think about establishing a relaxed and trustful 00:44:50.200 --> 00:44:55.600 conversation. That's the basic of interview. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:44:55.600 --> 00:45:06.200 Clear? Super. Let's take a break now. So in 10 minutes, back to the interview. 00:45:06.200 --> 00:45:14.300 Just one more thing. For you in presence you can do whatever you want. 00:45:14.300 --> 00:45:24.600 You can go outside, meet in the garden, wherever. Than we meet back here. Like, what time is it now? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:45:25.000 --> 00:45:34.300 Exactly 13.00. So we meet here, let's say at quarter to 14.00 for the feedback, 00:45:34.300 --> 00:45:46.450 for a final breefing. Let's go.