WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.000 Hi everybody. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:00:02.700 --> 00:00:06.900 Welcome to this lecture. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:00:06.900 --> 00:00:19.200 People are still joining. So, we have a lot of things to do. 00:00:19.200 --> 00:00:29.100 A lot of work to do today but not so many time. I hope you can see my slides from home? Yes, you can see it. 00:00:29.100 --> 00:00:35.100 Today we have two very heavy chapters, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:00:36.200 --> 00:00:48.500 for the SPED students, which are somehow also related to your 00:00:48.500 --> 00:00:56.800 arbeidskrav. So today, I will try to answer some question very briefly 00:00:56.800 --> 00:01:05.650 and then we have a bit more time for the group work. 00:01:07.150 --> 00:01:16.300 Okay, so there is one thing I want to start with which is I think something that 00:01:16.300 --> 00:01:25.300 can be very relevant especially when it comes to the forms of content analysis. The analysis of 00:01:25.300 --> 00:01:35.200 visual material or the analysis of documents, but also when it comes to interviews for instance. 00:01:35.200 --> 00:01:37.050 One of the main points of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:01:37.050 --> 00:01:47.950 qualitative research is that we don't have recipes for doing things, because the main characteristic 00:01:47.950 --> 00:01:58.900 of qualitative research is that you consider always the whole system, the whole situation. 00:01:58.900 --> 00:02:06.900 So it's not just picking up a tool and and trying to nail down something NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:02:06.900 --> 00:02:15.700 in your empirical research. This is something very important because of on one hand 00:02:15.700 --> 00:02:21.200 it look may look a bit confusing sometimes because I don't tell you ''just do this, then do 00:02:21.200 --> 00:02:27.850 this, then do this, and this and you will have an outcome''. But on the other hand is what makes 00:02:27.850 --> 00:02:37.100 qualitative research so powerful, it's very flexible. It leaves you the space to adapt NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:02:37.100 --> 00:02:44.500 to the phenomenon you want to study and also leave space for your creativity, which is very important 00:02:44.500 --> 00:02:56.100 as well. So don't expect recipes. And another aspect is that there are so many possible 00:02:56.100 --> 00:02:58.800 variation of qualitative methods. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:02:58.800 --> 00:03:07.500 Exactly because they developed together with your empirical research. What I'm 00:03:07.500 --> 00:03:16.800 trying to do here is trying to give you the principle to understand how this methods work. So once 00:03:16.800 --> 00:03:25.400 you know what are the principles, you can very easily choose to use one specific 00:03:25.400 --> 00:03:29.050 variation of a method rather than another. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:03:29.050 --> 00:03:36.649 The second mportant thing about qualitative research, it changes you. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:03:36.649 --> 00:03:45.400 Because you become part of a relationship. Also it's kind of a research that is also changing the 00:03:45.400 --> 00:03:54.800 researcher. In particular, as you have no filters when you use qualitative methods, you 00:03:54.800 --> 00:04:00.100 must also be prepared to change together with your research. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:04:00.100 --> 00:04:08.400 This does not mean as some people think that qualitative research is random or is like, 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:17.700 doing nice creative stuff. We have standards and we are all the time discussing about the 00:04:17.700 --> 00:04:28.100 standards that makes qualitative research valid research and research of quality. The main 00:04:28.100 --> 00:04:30.450 point that we have in qualitative research NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:04:30.450 --> 00:04:39.300 is that a good qualitative research must be ecologically valid. We are not forcing 00:04:39.300 --> 00:04:49.900 something on the phenomena, but we somehow follow the phenomena. We adapt our research to 00:04:49.900 --> 00:04:55.000 the real context. And the second is transparency, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:04:55.000 --> 00:05:04.900 which means that when we describe our research, we must be as transparent as possible. What 00:05:04.900 --> 00:05:13.300 does it mean? We have to explain how we did the research in detail. Why? 00:05:13.300 --> 00:05:23.500 So other researchers can evaluate our research and can repeat our research if they want. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:05:23.500 --> 00:05:31.400 This is not so clear when it comes to quantitative methods, because quantitative methods are supposed to be 00:05:31.400 --> 00:05:37.300 standardized. So, I don't have to explain you my procedure all the time because it is a 00:05:37.300 --> 00:05:46.049 standard procedure. And here is exactly where we have the replicability crisis in 00:05:46.049 --> 00:05:53.300 psychology for instance. Because everybody believes ''Oh, I don't need to check what the researcher 00:05:53.300 --> 00:05:54.850 actually did, because it's a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:05:54.850 --> 00:06:01.000 standard procedure''. But if instead if you open the box and look into and what the 00:06:01.000 --> 00:06:08.500 researcher are doing, you discover that they were not using such standardized 00:06:08.500 --> 00:06:17.900 procedures. I wanted to clarify this. Now we move to some quick answers. I really 00:06:17.900 --> 00:06:21.850 like the questions about diary studies. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:06:21.850 --> 00:06:31.650 This can be, as I said, a very powerful tool NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:06:31.650 --> 00:06:43.000 especially when we want to get the first person experience. So, we want to know, we want to take the 00:06:43.000 --> 00:06:51.450 perspective of our participant. The first question is about the difference between written and 00:06:51.450 --> 00:07:02.299 video diary. The general principle, is that the method follows the research NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:07:02.299 --> 00:07:08.600 question, follow the context and follow the participants. So there is no single good answer. There 00:07:08.600 --> 00:07:19.100 is no absolute advantage of the written diary over the video diary. It depends on the context 00:07:19.100 --> 00:07:25.500 you are going to investigate. So if I ask you, for instance, 00:07:25.500 --> 00:07:32.250 do you prefer to write a diary or do you prefer to write a WhatsApp message or to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:07:32.250 --> 00:07:34.799 record a WhatsApp message... NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:07:34.799 --> 00:07:38.800 What's your favorite way? And why? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:07:39.300 --> 00:07:49.400 You probably will have your own personal way of communicating, your own personal way of taking your 00:07:49.400 --> 00:07:55.400 notes. And this may depend from, for instance, from your age, your generation. For instance, 00:07:55.400 --> 00:08:03.000 my generation is the generation of writing. I still love writing even though I don't do that too much... 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:08.100 I use a computer to write, but handwriting is very important. When I want to write something very 00:08:08.100 --> 00:08:09.550 personal, I do handwriting. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:08:09.550 --> 00:08:17.300 So, consider who is your participant and what you want to get. Consider your research 00:08:17.300 --> 00:08:18.900 question. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:08:19.200 --> 00:08:31.500 For instance, is the visual important? There was a very nice research thesis that I supervised. Student 00:08:31.500 --> 00:08:40.299 was studying the experience of children who had a parent in prison. So, what was the idea? A video 00:08:40.299 --> 00:08:49.300 diary of the the adolescent while he was going to visit the parent in prison. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:08:49.300 --> 00:08:57.400 What was his experience, expectations? It was taken by we do mobile phone, 00:08:57.400 --> 00:09:04.100 diary recorded with mobile phone. We thought that images 00:09:04.100 --> 00:09:12.100 were important. So what was... for instance, the andscape while going toward the prison? 00:09:12.100 --> 00:09:19.000 This is the way you think about your methods. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:09:19.000 --> 00:09:29.200 What else? Why in general you use diaries? You use diaries, if time is important in your 00:09:29.200 --> 00:09:31.100 research question. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:09:31.200 --> 00:09:41.800 Diaries are about my everyday routine, what I experienced in my everyday life. So if you want to 00:09:41.800 --> 00:09:51.450 record how this experience may change... For instance, I just published a diary study 00:09:51.450 --> 00:09:59.700 about covid-19, the experience of people during the lockdown. Because I wanted to see how their 00:09:59.700 --> 00:10:00.900 way of thinking, their NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:00.900 --> 00:10:07.700 feelings were changing day after day. At the beginning, they were experiencing the lockdown in a 00:10:07.700 --> 00:10:15.600 certain way. After three months, things were changing. When time is important, you can use 00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:23.000 the diaries as a method. So When you consider the methods, you 00:10:23.000 --> 00:10:27.700 have the theoretical question. So start from the theory. What is your question? What do you want to 00:10:27.700 --> 00:10:30.950 know? Then consider the participants, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:30.950 --> 00:10:33.950 and than consider the ethics. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 70% (MEDIUM) 00:10:33.950 --> 00:10:45.450 Video diaries are are more difficult than the written diaries when it comes to children. 00:10:45.450 --> 00:10:54.300 Because here we have the restriction on recording children is really strong. So you also have 00:10:54.300 --> 00:11:01.500 to consider this. Also, another ethical consideration is; is it right, is it ethical 00:11:01.500 --> 00:11:03.750 to show somethings... NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:11:03.750 --> 00:11:11.700 Imagine that you are going to video-diary on very intimate things. 00:11:11.700 --> 00:11:18.900 So, is it ethical to show these images to use these images? 00:11:18.900 --> 00:11:24.900 So these are the three kind of question; Theoretical, participants, 00:11:24.900 --> 00:11:27.850 ethical questions. Of course, they are related. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:27.850 --> 00:11:35.100 Let's move to the second. This is very similar. The informant becomes more personal in 00:11:35.100 --> 00:11:38.350 written form than in in-depth interview. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:38.350 --> 00:11:44.900 Well, that's another very good question. Think about yourself. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:44.900 --> 00:11:53.000 How do you disclosure yourself? More if you write or more if you do an interview? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:54.000 --> 00:12:00.900 My guess would be, of course, it depends. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:00.900 --> 00:12:08.600 Who is interviewing you? Do you remember our very simple exercise? How do you start the 00:12:08.600 --> 00:12:15.000 interview? How you gain the trust of the person you want to interview? There is no 00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:22.150 absolute answer. There is no recipe. But think about the theory. So, what is your research question? 00:12:22.150 --> 00:12:29.800 Which kind of participants do you have? For instance, if you are 00:12:29.800 --> 00:12:31.099 interviewing very young children, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:12:31.099 --> 00:12:39.800 of course you get more with the in-depth interview, but you cannot interview a child, 00:12:39.800 --> 00:12:49.500 as you would interview an adult. It's a completely different form of the interview. 00:12:49.500 --> 00:12:52.550 The third question I had... NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:52.550 --> 00:13:00.600 Well, you should be able to answer something now. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:14.300 What kind of challenges, or problems or choices can we have if you want to do this kind of 00:13:14.300 --> 00:13:16.000 research? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:13:21.800 --> 00:13:28.800 What we are interested in the theory? What we want to know? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:13:29.700 --> 00:13:39.400 What kind of relationship? For instance, is it important to know the temporal 00:13:39.400 --> 00:13:48.100 dimension of this relationship, or we want to know, let's say, the the values or the opinions about 00:13:48.100 --> 00:13:57.300 relationships? Do we want to get the first person perspective? Do we want to know about the two NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:13:58.800 --> 00:14:07.600 positions of the couple... or just one of the two partners? These are all theoretical 00:14:07.600 --> 00:14:15.650 questions. The participants, in this case, it will be about yourself. How would you be 00:14:15.650 --> 00:14:20.300 available to participate in such a research? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:20.400 --> 00:14:27.800 What are the challenges? Think about yourself. Remember, the researcher is your first tool. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:30.900 --> 00:14:34.600 What else? The ethical. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:14:34.900 --> 00:14:45.000 What if, while you are interviewing people or we are collecting diaries about student's 00:14:45.000 --> 00:14:52.800 relationship, you come to know about an abusive relationship? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:53.200 --> 00:15:00.200 How would you treat this? What are the ethical implications of this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:00.400 --> 00:15:09.950 So, you see if you learn, if you if you train yourself to think in these terms, it doesn't matter 00:15:09.950 --> 00:15:16.900 which method you choose. You will be able to choose the right method for the right research question 00:15:16.900 --> 00:15:19.600 that you have to. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:24.200 --> 00:15:31.000 Is it clear so far? Anything you want to ask -from home also- ? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:34.700 --> 00:15:39.300 Okay, let's move on. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:15:39.500 --> 00:15:51.200 This is especially for SPED students, but not only, because some of you were kind of bit scared by 00:15:51.200 --> 00:16:00.300 arbeidskrav but as I said it is an exercise, it's training. So don't worry. You're not 00:16:00.300 --> 00:16:07.250 going to be assessed on this. It's just because we want you to familiarize and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:16:07.250 --> 00:16:16.200 use your hands and your heads on somethings. One of the 00:16:16.200 --> 00:16:26.600 question was about the principle of document analysis. There are probably hundreds of 00:16:26.600 --> 00:16:32.700 different ways of doing content analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:32.800 --> 00:16:39.150 It depends on the research question that you have. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:16:39.150 --> 00:16:42.900 If I want to know, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:16:43.000 --> 00:16:49.800 for information research question for instance, it's important to know how many time NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:16:49.800 --> 00:16:59.900 one specific word has been used. So, I need to count Words. That's also document analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:16:59.900 --> 00:17:09.099 I have to identify the words, the relevant words, the keywords. Then I can make any 00:17:09.099 --> 00:17:13.550 kind of inferences or calculation of statistic about this. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:17:13.550 --> 00:17:22.200 That's also content analysis. Lets say it's one side of a continuum. Another, on the 00:17:22.200 --> 00:17:29.000 opposite side, there is a completely interpretive and hermeneutic approach to document 00:17:29.000 --> 00:17:38.300 analysis. So, I'm not counting, I'm not even using coding or categorizing. I am performing an 00:17:38.300 --> 00:17:43.300 interpretation of the test, the document, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:17:43.300 --> 00:17:52.200 guided by my theoretical question. So, it's not free interpretation, of course, but it's really 00:17:52.200 --> 00:18:00.200 hermeneutical. So, these are the two opposites. You can count words or you can interpret. In between, 00:18:00.200 --> 00:18:09.700 you have so many different variation of this methods. When it comes to choosing which one, 00:18:09.700 --> 00:18:13.800 is very easy, you look for the literature and you try to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:18:13.800 --> 00:18:24.800 to find those people that have studied a similar topic that you want, and you look 00:18:24.800 --> 00:18:32.500 how they did, what kind of choices they made, what kind of method they used. And if you know how the 00:18:32.500 --> 00:18:38.800 principle of document analysis work, you will be able to say ''Oh, this is a good 00:18:38.800 --> 00:18:43.800 method... Maybe this does not fit with my research question. '' And you can make variations NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:18:43.800 --> 00:18:47.300 of these methods. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:18:48.300 --> 00:18:57.100 However, especially when it comes to document analysis... I've given you a couple of very easy 00:18:57.100 --> 00:19:02.400 references. So if you have further questions, you can just have a look at these two 00:19:02.400 --> 00:19:04.700 references. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:16.900 What's the best way to understand document analysis, try to analyze the document? 00:19:16.900 --> 00:19:20.400 That's what we are going to do now. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:19:21.900 --> 00:19:27.700 We have plenty of time. Very good. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:28.500 --> 00:19:39.650 Let's move to the exercise for today, okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:39.650 --> 00:19:50.300 It's very easy. Don't worry. It's very easy and somehow it's very similar to the second part, 00:19:50.300 --> 00:19:53.400 second exercise of the arbeidskrav. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:19:58.000 --> 00:20:13.100 What I try to tell you is that, no matter if you are analyzing images or text, you are performing the 00:20:13.100 --> 00:20:24.850 same type of analysis. You are trying to make visible, the meaning of a test. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:20:24.850 --> 00:20:35.400 By text, we mean every kind of every meaning production. So a text can be a written test, can be a 00:20:35.400 --> 00:20:45.500 song, can be a photograph, or can be an interview... These are all kind of texts. And we use different 00:20:45.500 --> 00:20:51.000 techniques to make visible the meaning of this text. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:20:51.000 --> 00:20:57.400 A relation, of course, to our research question. That's content analysis. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:20:57.400 --> 00:21:06.900 Content analysis can be applied to documents, can be applied to images. This is the basic 00:21:06.900 --> 00:21:08.600 principle. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:09.800 --> 00:21:24.450 I tried to design a very simple exercise today. Which is, analyzing to form of text, images and written text 00:21:24.450 --> 00:21:31.700 So, I will give you two different 00:21:31.900 --> 00:21:40.100 products, very different in the sense that one is visual and the other one is textual... But 00:21:40.100 --> 00:21:47.100 also, they are very different because, -you will see why they're very different-, one is an 00:21:47.100 --> 00:21:53.100 advertisement, and the other one is an official document. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:53.100 --> 00:22:06.700 My suggestion for you; Both documents are talking about diversity, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:16.700 they are both talking about diversity in different ways. So the task will be try to analyze the 00:22:16.700 --> 00:22:26.200 content of these two documents with the research question ''How do they talk about diversity? ''. 00:22:26.200 --> 00:22:33.400 So making visible, the way these two documents make meaning of diversity. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:22:33.400 --> 00:22:44.700 You will use a very very simple form of content analysis, very simple. So, what are these 00:22:44.700 --> 00:22:55.400 instructions? You already know how to create the groups, you have some time to watch the two 00:22:55.400 --> 00:23:03.150 documents (the image and the test), you read it... NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:23:03.150 --> 00:23:11.950 And what I want you to do is, you built very simple system of categories. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:23:11.950 --> 00:23:24.100 You don't have to build so many categories, three to five is enough. These categories will help 00:23:24.100 --> 00:23:30.600 you to make visible, not only to yourself, but also to the others, to make visible the 00:23:30.600 --> 00:23:34.800 meaning of these two documents. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:34.800 --> 00:23:36.750 so, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:36.750 --> 00:23:39.800 So, how to do this? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:23:39.800 --> 00:23:52.400 When I talk about content analysis, sometimes I use three different 00:23:52.400 --> 00:23:53.550 terms. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:23:53.550 --> 00:23:58.600 Categories, themes and codes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:24:00.900 --> 00:24:04.400 Basically, they mean the same thing. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:24:04.400 --> 00:24:13.800 It's the same, so don't worry about this. When I talk about codes, categories... It's the same. 00:24:13.800 --> 00:24:15.300 okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:24:17.000 --> 00:24:28.850 So, our research question is; how these two documents talk about diversity? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:24:28.850 --> 00:24:37.750 And I would like you to try to find out how they talk about diversity. To do this, you have to build 00:24:37.750 --> 00:24:45.250 very simple categories, three to five. Not more than this, because we don't have much time. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:24:45.250 --> 00:24:54.300 How do you build the categories? You have two ways. The categories can come from your theory and 00:24:54.300 --> 00:24:56.400 your research question. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:24:56.400 --> 00:25:10.800 So for instance, from our theory, we know that every message is always produced by someone 00:25:10.800 --> 00:25:13.000 for someone else. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:25:13.000 --> 00:25:16.900 And this is very important to know NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:25:16.900 --> 00:25:27.500 who is the source of the document and who is the receiver of the document. Because this 00:25:27.500 --> 00:25:31.400 helps you to understand NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:25:31.400 --> 00:25:42.650 the possible goal, purpose of the message. So this is a category that is already there, 00:25:42.650 --> 00:25:48.900 we don't have to think too much about this because it comes from the theory. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:56.600 Some other categories are can be built from the data, from the phenomena. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:25:56.900 --> 00:26:02.600 So, for instance, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:26:03.500 --> 00:26:09.550 if the text I'm analyzing says NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:26:09.550 --> 00:26:18.700 ''Oh, diversity is good. Oh, diversity is wonderful. '' NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:26:18.700 --> 00:26:29.600 Well, it means that this is a message, a meaning, which is relevant in the text. So, I can build a 00:26:29.600 --> 00:26:46.100 category. For instance, I can call this category ''Positive evaluation of diversity''. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:26:50.200 --> 00:26:57.350 Yeah, that's it. Basically, it's very simple. I want you to build four or five categories. 00:26:57.350 --> 00:27:10.700 Just try yourself. Another very important principle is, when you do this, is like when you 00:27:10.700 --> 00:27:17.850 do observation. You are now observing the test. So the categories are NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:27:17.850 --> 00:27:28.800 to describe what is actually written in the text. So, don't try to interpret first. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 67% (MEDIUM) 00:27:29.100 --> 00:27:38.600 The categories, the codes that you use, are to describe. So don't try to imagine what the author of 00:27:38.600 --> 00:27:42.900 the text wanted to say. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:27:42.900 --> 00:27:53.100 This comes later in the interpretation, in the analysis. Now, you just have to describe what is 00:27:53.100 --> 00:28:00.400 actually said in the text. So your category is now, must be descriptive. Don't try to make 00:28:00.400 --> 00:28:06.800 inferences. Don't try to guess what is the hidden meaning of the text. You are now working on the 00:28:06.800 --> 00:28:10.200 explicit meaning of the text. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:28:11.300 --> 00:28:22.050 Now, just one more thing. I'll show you how a code or a category looks like. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:28:22.050 --> 00:28:33.000 Don't be scared by this, because this is a very complete format. So when you will do 00:28:33.000 --> 00:28:43.600 content analysis, you will have to provide this information about your codes. Why this information? 00:28:43.600 --> 00:28:46.700 Because if another person NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:28:47.200 --> 00:28:57.400 is looking at the same text, following these instructions, will be able to make the same 00:28:57.400 --> 00:28:59.050 categorisation. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:28:59.050 --> 00:29:08.650 In this case, you don't need to have all this information, but at least you need to 00:29:08.650 --> 00:29:17.650 agree in your group about the definition of the categories that you use. Okay? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:29:17.650 --> 00:29:25.700 And for instance, this is the format that you use when you work with the software like NVIVO. 00:29:25.700 --> 00:29:35.400 So, each of you imagine that you do a very complex content analysis and it can have 20, 40, 50 codes. 00:29:35.400 --> 00:29:40.050 So, you have to build a list of all this codes. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:29:40.050 --> 00:29:48.800 And you do like this, you give a code to the codes to help you coding easily. You can use a 00:29:48.800 --> 00:29:58.000 different color. Literally you can print your text and use a marker to code the part of the text. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:29:58.000 --> 00:30:02.100 You provide the brief definition or a title? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:30:02.100 --> 00:30:12.000 And then what is very important, you need to explain when you use this code, when you don't use this 00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:19.350 code? So, the code must be as clear as possible. The category must be as clear as possible. And then 00:30:19.350 --> 00:30:27.500 you provide examples. This is for instance, what you will write, if you are going to do 00:30:27.500 --> 00:30:32.600 document analysis or content analysis in your thesis, there will be a part of your NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 73% (MEDIUM) 00:30:32.600 --> 00:30:37.550 thesis in which you describe in this way, the codes that you are using., NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:30:37.550 --> 00:30:44.650 that you have created. But now, for the moment, you don't need to write all this stuff. 00:30:44.650 --> 00:30:47.550 The task for today is easier. 00:30:47.550 --> 00:31:04.800 *Luca reading a question from Zoom* 00:31:06.100 --> 00:31:16.900 ''Can you give us an example of what the category is in relation to this? '' 00:31:16.900 --> 00:31:19.950 ''To this'' I imagine you mean the diversity? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:31:19.950 --> 00:31:25.500 I'm not sure I understood the question. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:31:26.600 --> 00:31:35.800 Okay, I will come back to this later. ''So is the author and whom she speaking to one category? '' Yes, it is one 00:31:35.800 --> 00:31:37.600 category, yeah. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:31:38.400 --> 00:31:42.900 Okay, perfect. So, we can move on. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:31:42.900 --> 00:31:58.600 Now, I will give you the the two texts. 00:31:58.600 --> 00:32:20.200 *Luca discussing how he can share the PowerPoint with student on Zoom when they are in breakout rooms with the assistant* 00:32:20.200 --> 00:32:27.750 So this is the first task... Try to analyze, to categorize this text. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:32:27.750 --> 00:32:36.800 This is a text, a message. Actually I'm helping you by telling that this is a message 00:32:36.800 --> 00:32:38.800 about diversity. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:32:45.300 --> 00:32:54.850 Try to build a few categories that can describe the meaning of this text. 00:32:54.850 --> 00:33:03.500 The second text is a written text is from the American government. It's a very short text, 00:33:03.500 --> 00:33:10.500 I think it's like one page, something like that. It's an official document about diversity 00:33:10.500 --> 00:33:16.200 and opportunity in education, in American Education. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:33:19.100 --> 00:33:25.250 Find the ideal... The ideal is, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:33:25.250 --> 00:33:28.300 if you can build NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:33:28.900 --> 00:33:35.550 a system of few categories that you can use to analyze both NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:33:35.550 --> 00:33:45.850 texts. That would be the ideal. But don't worry, start by analyzing the two texts NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:33:45.850 --> 00:33:55.700 separately, autonomously. If you are able to find categories that apply to both text, 00:33:55.700 --> 00:33:58.200 that will be very interesting. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:33:58.600 --> 00:34:05.500 More questions on chat? Okay. 00:34:09.300 --> 00:34:21.500 My suggestion is that we take a short break now and than you start working. 00:34:21.500 --> 00:34:29.250 Than of course we meet again to have a debriefing about this exercise. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:34:29.250 --> 00:34:35.300 Do you have any question? Something is not clear? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:34:36.699 --> 00:34:39.400 From home? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:34:39.900 --> 00:34:44.800 I try to make it as simple as possible. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:34:44.800 --> 00:34:48.699 So, you can do it by yourself. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:34:48.699 --> 00:34:50.850 Any question? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:34:50.850 --> 00:34:53.100 No. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:34:57.800 --> 00:35:04.700 ''Should we use the same code at line that you showed? '' No, you don't need to write all these 00:35:04.700 --> 00:35:16.200 information. Just try to do one thing. Just try to provide the definition of the code. 00:35:16.200 --> 00:35:25.000 Just try to do this. The idea is that you can, if one of your colleague 00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:27.950 reads your definition is able to NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:35:27.950 --> 00:35:38.900 code the same text. That's it. If you don't have questions, we can have a short break. Fine? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:35:38.900 --> 00:35:45.600 Okay. See you in a few minutes. I stop recording now.