WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:00:02.300 --> 00:00:11.700 Hi everybody. Welcome to the first lecture of this method of qualitative methodology module. Today 00:00:11.700 --> 00:00:22.800 we are going to start discussing the meaning of qualitative research and its epistemological 00:00:22.800 --> 00:00:32.049 foundations. First let me tell you what you will find in today's lecture. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:00:32.049 --> 00:00:42.700 On canvas, you will find a short introductory animation video on qualitative methods. Then you will 00:00:42.700 --> 00:00:50.000 find the today reading, which is the chapter 2 of the handbook. And then you will find some optional 00:00:50.000 --> 00:00:59.400 material an article by Branco & Valsiner that introduces the concept of methodological cycles, that we 00:00:59.400 --> 00:01:01.700 will see in a shortly and NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:01:01.700 --> 00:01:10.550 an optional video, which is a very interesting documentary called schooling the world. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:01:10.550 --> 00:01:21.000 Well, first of all. We have to make an important distinction. Today we are talking about 00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:29.400 methodology. Which is not to be confused with the concept of method. The methodology is the word of 00:01:29.400 --> 00:01:38.900 the process that we use to generate new knowledge. And this process is made of different elements 00:01:38.900 --> 00:01:39.900 that work together. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 35% (LAV) NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:01:41.300 --> 00:01:51.500 Every research starts from a research question and the first tool for the research is the 00:01:51.500 --> 00:02:05.100 researcher himself or herself. So my invitation is to think about yourself as the source of research 00:02:05.100 --> 00:02:10.350 questions, rely on your educated NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:02:10.350 --> 00:02:20.300 intuition, rely on your curiosity, rely on your sense of something out of place, something 00:02:20.300 --> 00:02:29.400 and comfortable, something unfair that you observe in the world. That's the first passionate sources of 00:02:29.400 --> 00:02:36.050 each research question. Well, when we start to research, we always NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:02:36.050 --> 00:02:46.500 have already set of basic assumptions, that unfortunately in when you when you present the 00:02:46.500 --> 00:02:57.500 research are often implicit Every scientific approach is based on what we call basic assumptions or 00:02:57.500 --> 00:03:06.200 meta-code. For instance ideas about the nature of human experience, or NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:03:06.200 --> 00:03:18.750 or ideas about the headaches or ideas about, for instance, the the nature of human development or 00:03:18.750 --> 00:03:28.149 the relationship between nature and nurture. So all these assumption, they ground our, on one hand 00:03:28.149 --> 00:03:34.900 the way we construct theories. Just think about, for instance psychoanalysis. Freud psychoanalysis 00:03:34.900 --> 00:03:36.200 is based on NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:03:36.200 --> 00:03:47.600 some assumption around human nature and the relationship, for instance, between culture and our animal 00:03:47.600 --> 00:03:57.700 nature. But this basic assumptions also guide us to toward observing some phenomena in the real 00:03:57.700 --> 00:04:06.150 world and selecting them and not others, for instance. When we construct a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:04:06.150 --> 00:04:17.950 theory we also, somehow, cut out a piece of reality. So our theory is a tool, is a pair of glasses, 00:04:17.950 --> 00:04:29.700 that help us define one portion of reality which becomes our phenomena. Then I mean we try to find 00:04:29.700 --> 00:04:36.200 the best way to understand and to observe this portion of reality and here NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:04:36.200 --> 00:04:43.700 comes the concept of method. So the method is only a part of the whole process of methodology and 00:04:43.700 --> 00:04:51.100 the different sizes built methods on the basis of two elements of the relationship between the 00:04:51.100 --> 00:04:59.600 theory. So if we have for instance, a theory that tells us that some, some phenomena can be 00:04:59.600 --> 00:05:06.150 measurable. Then we will probably build quantitative methods. And on the other hand we have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:05:06.150 --> 00:05:13.000 have assumptions about the phenomena. So if we think that some psychological phenomenon is 00:05:13.000 --> 00:05:24.100 measurable. We may probably want to build quantitative methods. So through the interaction 00:05:24.100 --> 00:05:31.800 between the theory, the phenomenon and the method, we will obtain, we will construct something that we 00:05:31.800 --> 00:05:36.900 call data. This is a bit misleading because data NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:05:36.900 --> 00:05:45.200 literally means given. So, as if we just go there and pick up something from reality, through our 00:05:45.200 --> 00:05:54.000 methods to our instruments, but actually data are extraction. And depending on the theory and 00:05:54.000 --> 00:06:01.200 methods that we use, we will cut out a portion of reality and we will construct some specific kind 00:06:01.200 --> 00:06:06.550 of data. So it's very important, to sum up. It's very important NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:06:06.550 --> 00:06:14.600 that we always take into account the rule of methodological cycle. So also, when you 00:06:14.600 --> 00:06:21.800 will read the handbook, please have always in mind, the relationship of the word. So the basic 00:06:21.800 --> 00:06:29.200 assumption, they shape our way to understand phenomena and our way to construct theories. So our 00:06:29.200 --> 00:06:36.300 theories and the kind of phenomena we observe will guide us, will lead us, toward the choice of specific NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:06:36.300 --> 00:06:45.700 methods. Unfortunately, in many research that we found this cycle is taking into account 00:06:45.700 --> 00:06:54.250 only partially. So, as if we have a theory and immediately from this theory, we derive a method 00:06:54.250 --> 00:07:00.900 but the methods are related always to phenomenal. So always take into account the word 00:07:00.900 --> 00:07:06.150 methodology and you will see how the different theoretical paradigm NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:07:06.150 --> 00:07:12.400 they will rely on the different elements of the method. Of course, I'm not saying that there is 00:07:12.400 --> 00:07:22.200 one approach which is best, better than another one, but we always have to be reflective 00:07:22.200 --> 00:07:27.700 and take into account all the elements of the cycle. So that's the difference between methodology 00:07:27.700 --> 00:07:35.750 and methods. Now, lt's go. Let's move to todays chapter. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:07:35.750 --> 00:07:47.000 I choose this chapter because it introduces a very important set of elements that affect both the 00:07:47.000 --> 00:07:55.550 way we understand phenomena and theories, and the way we design our qualitative research. So what are 00:07:55.550 --> 00:08:05.500 the main points of this chapter. The chapter talks about so-called critical or alternative 00:08:05.500 --> 00:08:06.100 approaches NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:08:06.100 --> 00:08:16.299 in social sciences. Social sciences born in the 19th century were based on again, some assumptions, 00:08:16.299 --> 00:08:29.100 basic assumption and some theories. Which were grounded in a positivistic and patriarchal vision of 00:08:29.100 --> 00:08:36.000 the world. After the second world war, some alternative NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:08:36.000 --> 00:08:42.500 approaches to social has developed and the chapter presents, three main approaches. 00:08:42.500 --> 00:08:51.050 One is the feminist perspective. The second is the socialist perspective, or critical perspective 00:08:51.050 --> 00:09:01.200 and the third approach is that the colonizing or african-American perspective. So what what are the 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:05.800 main points. This perspective as have shown how NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:09:05.800 --> 00:09:13.500 the scientific research is not neutral. Again, is based on some assumption and some values. And this 00:09:13.500 --> 00:09:20.100 assumption and these values are not universal, but they are grounded in specific historical context 00:09:20.100 --> 00:09:31.300 and in specific power relationship in society. So, the first, the first act of this perspective is 00:09:31.300 --> 00:09:36.100 to expose the value leader NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:09:36.100 --> 00:09:45.100 nature of the construction of the knowledge in scientist. The second important point, and they do 00:09:45.100 --> 00:09:51.700 this from a different perspective, we will see. The second point is that I would like you to 00:09:51.700 --> 00:10:02.900 note in this chapter is the concept of strong objectivity. So the idea that the foundations of our 00:10:02.900 --> 00:10:06.550 knowledge of human experience NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:10:06.550 --> 00:10:15.700 must be based on principles that are different from the positivist approach. So let me show you a 00:10:15.700 --> 00:10:27.000 little bit of how positivistic and patriarchal forms of societies, which are unfortunately still 00:10:27.000 --> 00:10:36.100 there today, were somehow building a monological perspective in NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:10:36.100 --> 00:10:43.500 science and knowledge, and were naturalizing this perspective. So we're assuming that this is the 00:10:43.500 --> 00:10:53.300 only possible perspective. Here is a very nice picture from the, from the 19th century. Which 00:10:53.300 --> 00:10:59.700 presents the title of the sculpture in which is in Paris is natural and valuing yourself 00:10:59.700 --> 00:11:06.050 before science. What I want to notice here is two teams. First the concept NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:11:06.050 --> 00:11:15.100 unveiling. So the idea, the positivistic idea, is that nature is a given that 00:11:15.100 --> 00:11:23.100 phenomena are given and we only have to discover them. So the concept of discovery and this is the 00:11:23.100 --> 00:11:32.700 positivistic idea. But also, please note that nature is a woman who is unveiling, is 00:11:32.700 --> 00:11:36.150 undressing. So here you can clearly see how NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:11:36.150 --> 00:11:49.300 this idea of science, of science nature relationship is clearly a male perspective basically. 00:11:49.300 --> 00:11:59.100 So the approaches in this chapter they criticized this perspective saying that 00:11:59.100 --> 00:12:05.950 actually this perspective was being creating a lot of inequality and injustice because NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:12:05.950 --> 00:12:13.200 it was considering all the other forms of knowledge. Such for instance the perspective of women as 00:12:13.200 --> 00:12:21.100 not real scientific. So it was silencing the different perspectives. And by silencing the voices 00:12:21.100 --> 00:12:32.250 of the women, the voice of the oppressed, the voice of the blacks for instance, was also actually 00:12:32.250 --> 00:12:36.000 perpetuating form of oppressive power. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:46.900 Baceuse knowledge is power and who controls the knowledge controls the society. So what are 00:12:46.900 --> 00:12:53.400 the consequences when we think about our research design. What are the consequences of considering 00:12:53.400 --> 00:13:01.400 this alternative perspectives. The first one is that when we whenever we design our qualitative 00:13:01.400 --> 00:13:06.050 research, we always have to start from considering the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:13:06.050 --> 00:13:13.800 different perspectives. So we have to ask ourselves when I design this research, when I think 00:13:13.800 --> 00:13:22.300 about some participants, who I'm really voicing. Do I silencing someone or do I speaking on 00:13:22.300 --> 00:13:29.600 behalf of someone, just think about vulnerable categories. We work with vulnerable categories. 00:13:29.600 --> 00:13:36.050 When we involve our participants like, for instance, people with special education needs. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:13:36.050 --> 00:13:48.800 How we relate to them. Are we silencing their voices or are we allowing them to 00:13:48.800 --> 00:13:58.400 speak by themselves, really. The second important principle is the idea of democratic participation, 00:13:58.400 --> 00:14:05.950 truly democratic participation of science. So the this alternative approaches, they NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:14:05.950 --> 00:14:13.700 say we are doing research with our participants, not on our participants. We are not, this is the 00:14:13.700 --> 00:14:24.750 other principle, principle of extractivism. Extractivist means the position of 00:14:24.750 --> 00:14:32.200 exploiting our participant. So we as researchers, we go to the field, we just pick up our data as if 00:14:32.200 --> 00:14:36.200 we were mining something and we go back NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:36.200 --> 00:14:43.400 And we don't leave to our participant anything. So our participants do not really benefit from our 00:14:43.400 --> 00:14:50.900 research. We just exploit them. So again, we have this kind of colonial logic. Another important 00:14:50.900 --> 00:15:00.850 principle is that reflexivity is always part of the process. Reflexivity does not only mean 00:15:00.850 --> 00:15:05.950 I'm using the right methods or I'm using a correct NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:15:05.950 --> 00:15:14.800 procedure, do I have some biases in my in my method. Reflexivity means asking also some ethical 00:15:14.800 --> 00:15:23.400 questions, like who's science, is what I'm doing, and for whom I'm doing science. What are the 00:15:23.400 --> 00:15:36.050 interests. What are the values that I am using this research. The democratic principle NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:15:36.050 --> 00:15:42.300 also imply the idea that we are not going to discover something, because especially social sciences phenomena 00:15:42.300 --> 00:15:51.000 are not given, remember the methodology cycle. We create new knowledge together with the other. 00:15:51.000 --> 00:15:57.900 Science is a collective enterprise. So when we go to the field, actually our participants are the 00:15:57.900 --> 00:16:05.950 experts because they know what we want, what we are craving to know. And the last important point NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 58% (MEDIUM) 00:16:05.950 --> 00:16:15.650 of today's topic is that we always have to keep in mind that our forms of knowing 00:16:15.650 --> 00:16:24.700 are situated contextual in a specific social historical cultural and material conditions. So 00:16:24.700 --> 00:16:35.000 knowledge is not universal, but has different degrees of generalization NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:16:35.100 --> 00:16:46.200 depending on the conditions of it's creation. So we always have to be very, very critical and 00:16:46.200 --> 00:16:55.600 self-aware and reflected about the assumption in our research. That was it for today. So, please 00:16:55.600 --> 00:17:02.500 read the material and remember to post on the forum your questions and reflections. Bye