WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:00:00.500 --> 00:00:12.000 Hi everybody. Welcome to the model for qualitative research. We are going to touch one very 00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:21.800 important topic and as you will see our lecture today our lesson today will be very intense. But 00:00:21.800 --> 00:00:31.200 interview is considered as the main technique that we use in qualitative research. As we will see is not 00:00:31.200 --> 00:00:31.400 the only NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:00:31.400 --> 00:00:41.300 technique, however still fundamental when you do qualitative research. So let's start by the material 00:00:41.300 --> 00:00:50.300 that we have today on Canvas. Of course you will have this short video introduction to interview and 00:00:50.300 --> 00:00:59.300 then you will have a bit more of readings. The readings today touch the different forms and the 00:00:59.300 --> 00:01:01.450 different applications of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:01:01.450 --> 00:01:10.300 view technique in qualitative research. The first chapter is about survey interviewing. The second one 00:01:10.300 --> 00:01:18.100 is about focus group interviewing and then the Carpiano article is about individual interviewing. 00:01:18.100 --> 00:01:26.900 Then you have also two optional materials, two videos. The first one is an interview to the famous 00:01:26.900 --> 00:01:31.650 psychologist Carl Rogers, who explains NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:01:31.650 --> 00:01:42.600 the concept of active listening and the second one is a seminar in which is discussed is explained 00:01:42.600 --> 00:01:54.450 the different between the static interview and the go along interview. So let's start by defining the 00:01:54.450 --> 00:02:00.700 research situation of the interview. As we already know NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:02:01.500 --> 00:02:13.150 doing research implies a system. So when we go to the field and we want to interview someone 00:02:13.150 --> 00:02:21.400 we have to consider that we become part of this system. When we enter in relationship to our 00:02:21.400 --> 00:02:31.400 participants we form an open system, that means a system that exchanges resources with NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:02:31.400 --> 00:02:41.900 it's environment, which is unfolding in time so. We establish an exchange. We are not going there 00:02:41.900 --> 00:02:53.300 just to pick up, an exchange means that we also give something. Usually we talk about interview methods 00:02:53.300 --> 00:03:01.200 but interview in itself is just is an action. Is an instrument that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:03:01.350 --> 00:03:12.300 we use within a process that is unfolding, is developing over time and this dialogue that we 00:03:12.300 --> 00:03:22.200 establish this exchange that we establish over time with our participant is the process of building 00:03:22.200 --> 00:03:31.400 the data our interview. So interview or survey or focus group is not the whole method NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:03:31.400 --> 00:03:44.800 is an event, is an action within the methods. So why we do interview, because we want to grasp the 00:03:44.800 --> 00:03:49.000 meaning of the experience of another human being NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:03:49.500 --> 00:03:57.800 and we must be aware the we are not just studying superficial phenomenal, like just observing 00:03:57.800 --> 00:04:05.500 the behavior of a person or just observing the words of this person. We are trying to enter in 00:04:05.500 --> 00:04:15.200 contact with the quality of psychic experience of this person. So we are entering in a deep human 00:04:15.200 --> 00:04:17.500 relationship with people NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:04:17.500 --> 00:04:26.500 and when you enter in human relationship this means that it happens somewhere under some conditions 00:04:26.500 --> 00:04:33.900 and this somewhere and these conditions are unnatural, they are part of the research situation. Part 00:04:33.900 --> 00:04:40.200 of the system and affect the system. Just let me give you a couple of examples. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:04:41.600 --> 00:04:50.250 Let's start thinking about different places in which we can make an interview. Usually we 00:04:50.250 --> 00:04:52.700 when we want to do NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:04:52.900 --> 00:05:04.500 quantitative or more experimental research design we invite our participant into a laboratory and we 00:05:04.500 --> 00:05:14.100 consider the laboratory as kind of neutral reliable objectives space, but this is not the case. 00:05:14.100 --> 00:05:21.900 The laboratory is just one of the many places in which things happens so the participant who enters 00:05:21.900 --> 00:05:22.750 our laboratory NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:05:22.750 --> 00:05:31.100 is not entering a neutral space. Is entering a special space with some values, with some signs, with 00:05:31.100 --> 00:05:38.000 some social suggestions to behave in a certain way and to respond in a certain way, because there are 00:05:38.000 --> 00:05:45.500 some specific, for instance, power relationships taking place. So the laboratory is not neutral and we 00:05:45.500 --> 00:05:53.600 must be aware of it. What could we study in a laboratory? For instance NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:05:54.400 --> 00:06:02.200 if you take Bruno Latour you can study the research process itself NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:06:02.700 --> 00:06:13.300 and what if instead of the laboratory we do our interviews in different places; in a church, in a 00:06:13.300 --> 00:06:21.300 garden like in this picture. What are the different social suggestions. So the place is really 00:06:21.300 --> 00:06:31.200 important when we want to make an interview, but no place is neutral so every place 00:06:31.200 --> 00:06:32.900 every human space is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:06:32.900 --> 00:06:41.400 filled with some social suggestions that will trigger some meaning construction when we have a 00:06:41.400 --> 00:06:51.000 dialogue with our participant. So we must be aware of the meaning of this spac and we must learn how 00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:59.800 to use it. This is for instance the case of the go along method which is exactly using the space as 00:06:59.800 --> 00:07:00.850 one of the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:07:00.850 --> 00:07:03.700 tools for research. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:07:05.600 --> 00:07:14.600 Something more about interviewing. So interview as a social action, as a social interaction is 00:07:14.600 --> 00:07:23.900 all the social interaction as we know from, for instance Even Goffman, is an act of communication. Is 00:07:23.900 --> 00:07:32.900 the acting of social rules, power relationships, expedition, mutual expectations for instance NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 80% (HØY) 00:07:32.900 --> 00:07:39.350 I as a researcher expect my participant to answer my questions. What happens if 00:07:39.350 --> 00:07:51.000 the participants does not want to answer my question? So the nature of this act of communication can 00:07:51.000 --> 00:08:00.500 be very different depending on our expectations for instance on it. What is NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:08:00.500 --> 00:08:11.600 we must be aware of what is our position in the relationship with our participants and how 00:08:11.600 --> 00:08:21.600 do we see our participant. How do we consider participants? It can just be a slave, someone we 00:08:21.600 --> 00:08:30.150 exploit. We go there and we pick up data. It can be a partner, so a person with together NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:08:30.150 --> 00:08:40.299 which we build knowledge. Can be an informant, so can be the person who has the knowledge that we need 00:08:40.299 --> 00:08:52.000 to get. But can also be, must also take into account that the person, the 00:08:52.000 --> 00:09:00.200 participant can want to hide the information that we want to know and indeed NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 79% (HØY) 00:09:00.200 --> 00:09:08.650 when you for instance build questionnaires, we built into the questions a lot of control 00:09:08.650 --> 00:09:16.849 questions, but we don't really realize that this control questions are based on the idea that the 00:09:16.849 --> 00:09:25.600 participant can be biased or can be cheating us for instance. Faking us. So when we build the 00:09:25.600 --> 00:09:30.050 question as we must be aware with that we never totally trust NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:09:30.050 --> 00:09:38.900 our participants, but as an act of communication as a social interaction we must remember that 00:09:38.900 --> 00:09:47.600 interview is a mutual exchange. As we have expectations and needs on the participants also the 00:09:47.600 --> 00:09:58.200 participants has some expectations and representation of us as researchers. 00:09:58.200 --> 00:10:00.300 We are not always aware NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:10:00.300 --> 00:10:07.700 that also the participant is asking what this guy wants from me. Why should I trust you. Just 00:10:07.700 --> 00:10:17.000 figure out yourself. Imagine that someone comes to you and start asking questions about 00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:24.650 your private life from scratch. Like stopping you in the street and start asking questions about your 00:10:24.650 --> 00:10:30.099 private life, sexual life. What will do you think, but this guy wants from me? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:10:30.099 --> 00:10:39.400 Why a participant in our research should trust us if we just go there and start asking questions 00:10:40.200 --> 00:10:50.400 but also we must expect that the other person, as everyone will do in real life, can ask questions 00:10:50.400 --> 00:11:00.200 back, can opposed to us, can make resistance to us. How do we behave in this industry. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 75% (MEDIUM) 00:11:00.200 --> 00:11:07.400 How can we be authentic in this social relationship? NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:11:07.400 --> 00:11:15.099 Well here are some hints or suggestions about this. As we say NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:15.099 --> 00:11:24.300 the interview situation is a system which is unfolding on time, so is the 00:11:24.300 --> 00:11:31.900 progressive building of a relationship between the researcher and the participant. How we can build 00:11:31.900 --> 00:11:40.200 this relationship and how we can construct this data the data together with our participant? Well my 00:11:40.200 --> 00:11:44.100 suggestion is always have in mind the number three. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:44.600 --> 00:11:52.500 Both when you plan your research design and both when you run your interview. When you plan use research 00:11:52.500 --> 00:12:04.000 design you have to think in terms of multiple encounters. I always suggest that you encounter your 00:12:04.000 --> 00:12:14.850 participant at least three times. The first time is the moment in which you build the relationship. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:12:15.349 --> 00:12:23.500 You enter the context, the life context of your participants. You come to know things and it is not 00:12:23.500 --> 00:12:30.300 necessarily a fundamental interview, but of course is already telling you a lot about the participant 00:12:30.300 --> 00:12:37.700 and you will probably not aske the main questions. Then you encounter again a second time your 00:12:37.700 --> 00:12:45.400 participant and this is the real the actual interview. Now you have started building NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:12:45.400 --> 00:12:52.400 a relationship of trust and you can enter in more intimate conversation, but then you 00:12:52.400 --> 00:12:59.600 have to give something back. I always suggest that we encounter your participant the third time. In 00:12:59.600 --> 00:13:06.200 this third time you will bring to your participant your interpretation, your first interpretation of 00:13:06.200 --> 00:13:12.100 the interview, of the second encounter and you will ask okay did I understand correctly or not. Well 00:13:12.100 --> 00:13:15.349 your participant can tell you yes you really got it NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:13:15.349 --> 00:13:21.600 or can tell you now you didn't understand anything and you can say okay so please explain you 00:13:21.600 --> 00:13:29.200 can go on and ask for clarification and this is again another another moment of data 00:13:29.200 --> 00:13:35.400 collection. So it's very important also that you bring back to your interpretation, you verify 00:13:35.400 --> 00:13:40.900 your interpretation with the participant. When you plan the interviews I always suggest that you 00:13:40.900 --> 00:13:44.300 consider this Ternary structure. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:13:44.300 --> 00:13:56.200 But it's the same when you go into the actual interaction with the participants. I always suggest to 00:13:56.200 --> 00:14:07.600 construct your question with three parts structure. So the first question can be 00:14:07.600 --> 00:14:14.150 of any kind. It's not the crucial point, it's not relevant. You can ask the question about NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:14.150 --> 00:14:26.100 the topic. Then you asked to elaborate on the first answer and you also ask to produce, you can ask 00:14:26.100 --> 00:14:36.100 to produce the opposite or you can specify the conditions of variation of that experience and in the 00:14:36.100 --> 00:14:43.950 third moment you ask for an example, for an episode, for a story. So actually the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:14:43.950 --> 00:14:53.200 real data you're collecting is in point two and three. Like for instance, imagine that you ask a 00:14:53.200 --> 00:15:00.900 person how many times you take bus per week. This person is answering five or seven. This is not 00:15:00.900 --> 00:15:05.500 relevant. What is relevant is for instance NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:05.500 --> 00:15:15.100 when you continue asking; how do you feel taking the bus, why do you take the bu, how 00:15:15.100 --> 00:15:21.000 do you choose to take the bus or to ride the bike. So when you ask for elaboration there you are 00:15:21.000 --> 00:15:29.600 really producing data, because you are asking the person to make meaning of this experience and then 00:15:29.600 --> 00:15:35.350 you ask for an example of or an episode. So I NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:15:35.350 --> 00:15:40.400 recomend to structure your interviews in this way. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:15:41.400 --> 00:15:53.100 Now I very briefly mentioned some techniques you can find here in the slides, but you 00:15:53.100 --> 00:16:03.600 can of course have it back watch also the Karl Rogers video. Karl Rogers developed a perspective on 00:16:03.600 --> 00:16:10.650 interviewing on clinical interview that has become a standard NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:16:10.650 --> 00:16:19.800 and a milestone. Hhe developed the concept of active listening. Means that when we engage in an 00:16:19.800 --> 00:16:27.100 act of communication with the participant during an interview situation we have to really enter 00:16:27.100 --> 00:16:35.100 honestly, authentically enter into this relationship and you can see here 00:16:35.100 --> 00:16:40.750 some specific suggestions and some specific NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:16:40.750 --> 00:16:54.700 way of structuring the interaction, but the the core concept is that you truly consider the person 00:16:54.700 --> 00:17:03.849 the participant as your partner in the construction of meaning. You are really involved engaged 00:17:03.849 --> 00:17:10.599 and practically engage in relationship with your participants. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:17:10.599 --> 00:17:17.099 So you can have a look at this principle shortly. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:17:19.400 --> 00:17:32.100 In order to enact the active listening you can have some specific forms of 00:17:32.100 --> 00:17:43.400 interaction. Like encouraging the other to speak, never being judgmental, truly listening, 00:17:43.400 --> 00:17:46.200 showing that you are really listening NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:17:46.400 --> 00:18:02.200 trying to not to be too invasive, but also showing that you are reflecting on the person speech. Well 00:18:02.200 --> 00:18:12.900 I think that's it. I just have to give you some short suggestions about how to read the chapters 00:18:12.900 --> 00:18:15.550 The first chapter is about NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:18:15.550 --> 00:18:30.500 survey interviewing. What is interesting beyond the survey technique itself is to focus on the 00:18:30.500 --> 00:18:37.600 problems that survey interviewing braces in terms of interview technique in general. So the 00:18:37.600 --> 00:18:45.550 first concept I would like to focus on is the problem of verbal accuracy NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 71% (MEDIUM) 00:18:45.550 --> 00:18:51.900 versus meaning accuracy. It means that when you do a survey our participants you are 00:18:51.900 --> 00:18:58.800 supposed to have the exactly same worthy, because otherwise this is not standardized. But in 00:18:58.800 --> 00:19:10.800 the chapter we see how the problem is that words are subject to interpretation. So the 00:19:10.800 --> 00:19:15.699 meaning of the words that we use depend on the context and on the NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:15.699 --> 00:19:24.800 action. When we communicate, interact with someone and we interview someone we are not just 00:19:24.800 --> 00:19:35.400 recording the words of the other person. We are creative meaning together with the other person. 00:19:35.400 --> 00:19:42.100 The model behind the idea of interviewing is not the transmission of information but is the 00:19:42.100 --> 00:19:45.000 co-construction of meanings. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:54.500 Now chapter 9 focus group. Focus group is a particular interview situation in which you 00:19:54.500 --> 00:20:04.400 have the group dimension. In this chapter what I think is very important is the discussion about time. 00:20:04.400 --> 00:20:13.500 In the chapter is presenting exactly the way in which time and the building of a relationship 00:20:13.500 --> 00:20:15.250 over time can NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:20:15.250 --> 00:20:22.700 affect the elaboration of meaning and also in terms of focus group the authors of the chapter say 00:20:22.700 --> 00:20:31.800 that one interview may not be enough or one focus group may not be enough. The other important point 00:20:31.800 --> 00:20:39.100 that is presented in this chapter and we will discuss this in the next lectures is the creativity in 00:20:39.100 --> 00:20:45.150 qualitative research. Qualitative research is not about applying NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:20:45.150 --> 00:20:54.200 standard methods. As we say the research situation is a unique contextual situation. So unique 00:20:54.200 --> 00:21:05.700 open system. So we have to learn some creativity in adapting or in creating our own methods, depending 00:21:05.700 --> 00:21:12.500 on the situations, of the participants and research questions and the last point I would like to 00:21:12.500 --> 00:21:15.350 notice it this chapter NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:15.350 --> 00:21:23.400 is that the idea of concept maps. Which is a very I think useful tool that you can use not only in 00:21:23.400 --> 00:21:33.200 focus group research, but also in individual interviews. Then the go along interview article. This is a 00:21:33.200 --> 00:21:41.200 very very powerful interview technique, interview method. What you will see in the chapter in the 00:21:41.200 --> 00:21:45.050 article is of course the description of the method itself NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:21:45.050 --> 00:21:51.900 but again I invite you to think about this method when you when you want for instance to design your 00:21:51.900 --> 00:21:59.700 research Master thesis research project. How could I adapt this method for instance 00:21:59.700 --> 00:22:10.400 for my purpose. Of course the advantage and the limits of these matters are discussed and 00:22:10.400 --> 00:22:15.199 I want you to pay attention exactly how you discuss the reliability NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:22:15.199 --> 00:22:21.400 of the method. So it's a good presentation of reliability of the method that we have to 00:22:21.400 --> 00:22:29.300 discuss you have to discuss anyway and again think about how you could for instance adapt a method 00:22:29.300 --> 00:22:39.200 to your purposes so design your own methods. I think that's all for today please 00:22:39.200 --> 00:22:45.050 remember to post your questions on the forum and see you the next NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:22:45.050 --> 00:22:47.000 Bye