WEBVTT Kind: captions; language: en-us NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:00:02.900 --> 00:00:12.000 Hi everybody. Today we have another intense lecture and then because the topic we are going to talk 00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:20.350 about is very relevant for qualitative research and it's very dense. Today we are going to talk 00:00:20.350 --> 00:00:32.600 about the cases in which the data are not produced on the spot. Data is are not produced during the 00:00:32.600 --> 00:00:33.050 interaction NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:00:33.050 --> 00:00:39.200 between participants and researchers, as in the case of interview for instance, but when the 00:00:39.200 --> 00:00:49.700 data consists of artifacts and products that are either pre-existing, circulating in the society 00:00:49.700 --> 00:01:02.950 available to anyone, or are fixed and based on visual or technical support. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:01:02.950 --> 00:01:15.400 What we are going to have fun today in in the canvas course. You will find two chapters to read. 00:01:15.400 --> 00:01:27.400 They're not so long, but they are very important. The first chapter is about the methods to analyze 00:01:27.400 --> 00:01:33.000 documents and we will see what we mean by documents and the second NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 77% (HØY) 00:01:33.000 --> 00:01:41.900 is about visual methods. So these all the methods that work not with verbal material, but mainly 00:01:41.900 --> 00:01:48.800 with images. Then you will find two optional videos, two examples of different methods that we are 00:01:48.800 --> 00:01:59.200 going to talk about. One is the photo voice and the other one is the video diary. So what is the 00:01:59.200 --> 00:02:02.850 difference between the methods we are NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:02:02.850 --> 00:02:13.649 going to talk about today and other interactive methods, such as the interview? So far we have been 00:02:13.649 --> 00:02:24.600 talking of methods that are based on verbal interaction, like interviews, focus groups. So we 00:02:24.600 --> 00:02:32.800 consider the data mainly as words and and nonverbal behavior that emerges NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:02:32.800 --> 00:02:39.800 during the interaction. But actually human beings they produced meanings in through very different 00:02:39.800 --> 00:02:51.200 channels. So verbal channel is only one of the many that we use. So from now on instead of 00:02:51.200 --> 00:03:00.300 words or language. We're going to use another concept which is the concept of sign. A sign is every 00:03:00.300 --> 00:03:03.000 unit NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 72% (MEDIUM) 00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:11.000 of meaning that we produce and interpret constantly. So sign can be words, can be images, can be 00:03:11.000 --> 00:03:22.700 gestures, can be objects themselves as if when you for instance you use a stick on the 00:03:22.700 --> 00:03:32.500 blackboard, point at some things. So the following our methodological cycle, we see how NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:03:32.500 --> 00:03:40.000 our basic assumption is that human being produce and interpret meaning through science. Using 00:03:40.000 --> 00:03:51.700 science. Our theory says that science can be a very different nature and sometimes we must be able 00:03:51.700 --> 00:04:03.550 to recognize things as signs. This different theoretical approach NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:04:03.550 --> 00:04:11.450 lead us to understand the phenomena we study in a different way. So human beings are constantly 00:04:11.450 --> 00:04:19.500 producing and interpreting sign and this this activity of production and interpretation is 00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:26.600 contextual. So we interpret the meaning of the signs depending on the context and the situation we 00:04:26.600 --> 00:04:29.250 are in, we are involved in. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:04:29.250 --> 00:04:37.000 So what we are going to see today is, which kind of methods we can use to observe the different kind 00:04:37.000 --> 00:04:48.700 of signs and which kind of data we can construct through these methods. Why we study, why we talked 00:04:48.700 --> 00:04:58.100 about textiles and visual visual data. Why they are so important? As I said, meanings are everywhere 00:04:58.100 --> 00:04:58.900 in our NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:04:58.900 --> 00:05:12.900 social world and sometimes those meanings appear to us in a form that which we are 00:05:12.900 --> 00:05:21.200 not immediately aware, because our understanding of the others, and on the social world is often 00:05:21.200 --> 00:05:28.900 based on stereotypical images and taking for granted and assumptions. So, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:05:28.900 --> 00:05:37.800 as you have been training your observation skills. So your observation muscles with respect to 00:05:37.800 --> 00:05:46.100 human behavior. We now are trying to train ourselves to become skilled in observing all these signs 00:05:46.100 --> 00:05:52.650 that are disseminated in the environment. So for instance, I invite you to have a look to this 00:05:52.650 --> 00:05:59.000 advertisement, that was has been placed outside a supermarket in Oslo. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:08.600 So as you can see, this is an offer for baby products. What do you see is that the way this product 00:06:08.600 --> 00:06:19.000 is presented and the images of this two children are full of stereotypical representation, for 00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:27.250 instance, of race and gender. And we immediately understand the many meanings of this stereotypical 00:06:27.250 --> 00:06:28.900 representation because they NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:06:28.900 --> 00:06:39.150 are somehow woven into the fabric of our social imagination. So having a common social imagination, 00:06:39.150 --> 00:06:47.300 visual imagination, is on the one hand is the way we create a common ground for 00:06:47.300 --> 00:06:54.800 understanding the others, but at the same time, it's also the way we cultivate stereotypical 00:06:54.800 --> 00:06:59.600 representations. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 69% (MEDIUM) 00:06:59.600 --> 00:07:11.900 Why we talked about documents. In document analysis. First of all, because as I said, we 00:07:11.900 --> 00:07:20.600 don't only produce meaning through verbal interaction and to live or online interaction. The 00:07:20.600 --> 00:07:28.900 meanings can be, are very often embedded and maintained into NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:07:28.900 --> 00:07:41.200 codified, into cultural artifacts. Mainly, we define document, of discover artifacts 00:07:41.200 --> 00:07:48.300 that is circulating in the society. So a document can be a text, such as I don't know the text of a 00:07:48.300 --> 00:07:57.500 low or a book or a novel, but can also be. Images can be a movie. Can be photographs. Can be a 00:07:57.500 --> 00:07:58.850 Facebook page. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:07:58.850 --> 00:08:14.650 But can also be other kinds of artifacts, like as for instance, dressings or shoes, brand shoes, 00:08:14.650 --> 00:08:27.800 or a brand accessory, contains and meaning codified in it. So virtually any artifacts, 00:08:27.800 --> 00:08:28.900 any human artifacts NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:08:28.900 --> 00:08:33.500 can be considered document and can be analyzed through the methods that we are going to see 00:08:33.500 --> 00:08:44.700 today. Just a small mention to the epistemological frameworks. We know that we are all 00:08:44.700 --> 00:08:52.950 familiar with the post modernist approach. Let's say that basically that our social life is 00:08:52.950 --> 00:08:57.950 cultivated and oriented to the production of discourses. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 86% (HØY) 00:08:57.950 --> 00:09:08.100 So the public discourse is the socially shared discourses. They create our reality and we are not 00:09:08.100 --> 00:09:18.450 always aware of how much these discourses are oriented even our perception. But in the 00:09:18.450 --> 00:09:25.000 last year's we have been starting to talk about us about post truth and post reality, especially 00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:29.250 in relation to social media. What means that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:09:29.250 --> 00:09:39.100 we have realized the power of images through the social media and the power of 00:09:39.100 --> 00:09:49.600 images and the power of image manipulation. So in the second part of our topic today, so when we 00:09:49.600 --> 00:09:58.800 shift from the textual document to the visual document, we will also consider the power of NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 83% (HØY) 00:09:58.800 --> 00:10:16.100 of visualization in meaning making. So the idea is that of course, we tend to belief to what we see 00:10:16.100 --> 00:10:23.500 and this is the power of images. We immediately tend to assume that the photograph is a picture of 00:10:23.500 --> 00:10:28.950 reality. While we know it is not hot. Nevertheless, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 84% (HØY) 00:10:28.950 --> 00:10:38.800 this image is still powerful. But the the phenomena of post reality and post truth, somehow 00:10:38.800 --> 00:10:48.849 show us how our own seeing, our own perception, is actually led by our values and our beliefs. So 00:10:48.849 --> 00:10:58.750 sometimes we still believe in things even those, even if those things are goes against NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:10:58.750 --> 00:11:10.000 what we see. So our perception of that we see is deeply affected on by our beliefs and we still 00:11:10.000 --> 00:11:17.600 continue to believe things even when evidence completely goes against it, and this is a 00:11:17.600 --> 00:11:28.400 very common phenomena in on social media today. So now let's go back to our handbook. I will now 00:11:28.400 --> 00:11:28.849 give you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:11:28.849 --> 00:11:35.000 some very short orientation about how to read and what you focus in the two chapters that we have 00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:46.400 today. The first one is the emergent qualitative document analysis methods. The authors discuss the 00:11:46.400 --> 00:11:53.250 general topic of document analysis and what are different kinds of documents that we can work on 00:11:53.250 --> 00:11:58.750 and generally we work on the text and visual documents NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:11:58.750 --> 00:12:08.750 in terms of trying to different techniques to grasp the meaning that are 00:12:08.750 --> 00:12:18.700 encoded in the in the documents. And we also try to understand what would be the interpretation 00:12:18.700 --> 00:12:27.600 of people, of this meaning included these documents. So I would like to focus specifically on some 00:12:27.600 --> 00:12:28.800 points of this job. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:12:28.800 --> 00:12:38.800 The first one is how, there is a variety of documents that circulate in our society, which 00:12:38.800 --> 00:12:47.300 used to be the mass media social society, now is the social media society. So we 00:12:47.300 --> 00:12:56.100 are overwhelmed by images, texts that circulate at a very high speed and are ubiquitous. They're 00:12:56.100 --> 00:12:58.750 everywhere. The second key NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 81% (HØY) 00:12:58.750 --> 00:13:07.500 idea of the chapter is that we do document analysis because also document can 00:13:07.500 --> 00:13:16.600 talk. Exactly, as we question and interview real people, we can do the same with documents and 00:13:16.600 --> 00:13:25.600 the chapters shows a few example of how to do this. The third point I would like you to 00:13:25.600 --> 00:13:28.650 reflect upon in this chapter, is the fact that NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 88% (HØY) 00:13:28.650 --> 00:13:36.200 documents that we analyze, we analyze them as a product of human meaning making activity. So, in 00:13:36.200 --> 00:13:44.000 somehow in the documents, we can find the result of meaning making activity, but also the fact that 00:13:44.000 --> 00:13:54.099 documents make our own experience. So the documents constitute the base of our experience. 00:13:54.099 --> 00:13:58.650 Sometimes, for instance, when we watch the news, we don't have NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 76% (HØY) 00:13:58.650 --> 00:14:05.400 a direct experience of what's happening. I don't know in a foreign country or 00:14:05.400 --> 00:14:15.600 so far we don't have real experience of the global warming, even though this is happening 00:14:15.600 --> 00:14:23.000 more and more. So our experience is produced, is mediated, by documents sometimes. So 00:14:23.000 --> 00:14:28.750 documents is both the products and the producers of our experience. And finally NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:14:28.750 --> 00:14:36.700 And finally the important point is that the document analysis can be part of a larger research design. So 00:14:36.700 --> 00:14:45.500 we don't work only on one type of product, but we can combine the different products. For 00:14:45.500 --> 00:14:52.700 instance, textual and visual documents, or using visual documents as trigger for an interview. 00:14:52.700 --> 00:14:58.650 The next chapter, visual research methods. Chapter NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 85% (HØY) 00:14:58.650 --> 00:15:08.900 16. Pay attention. What are the key point? In many respect visual data, visual 00:15:08.900 --> 00:15:23.500 documents fall within the same consideration that we did with textual documents, but images are more 00:15:23.500 --> 00:15:29.500 of a larger variety of hues. So first of all, NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:15:29.800 --> 00:15:36.800 images can be used as data. So as a product that we analyze. Exactly as the transcription of an 00:15:36.800 --> 00:15:44.600 interview, but can also be used as a stimulus. For, for instance, starting an interview. The second 00:15:44.600 --> 00:15:52.600 point is there are different kinds of images. So you have to make a difference between them 00:15:52.600 --> 00:15:58.650 and the chapter explains you why. So, we can use images as documents. Like, for instance, when you NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:15:58.650 --> 00:16:07.400 analyze the advertisement of a product. So you use the images as data. The researcher can 00:16:07.400 --> 00:16:15.500 produce images as data. So exactly as you transcribe an interview, you can take pictures of the 00:16:15.500 --> 00:16:23.400 context in which your phenomena is happening and use thoes photos images as data, and 00:16:23.400 --> 00:16:28.850 the third is, we will see example of this last type NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:16:28.850 --> 00:16:36.800 We can ask our participants to produce images and then we will analyze the images produced by 00:16:36.800 --> 00:16:45.100 the participants. The other important point is that we must be aware and reflective as 00:16:45.100 --> 00:16:52.100 researcher that images are a discourse. We remember at the beginning I talked about signs. Images 00:16:52.100 --> 00:16:58.700 are kind of signs. So we use images to produce meaning. An image is not a mirror NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:16:58.700 --> 00:17:07.300 of reality. When we tell a story we produce our version, our 00:17:07.300 --> 00:17:14.099 representation of a story. Through images we do the same. We produce images as in interpretation of 00:17:14.099 --> 00:17:23.500 reality. You can may remember this from the Caravaggio examples and the last point, which is the 00:17:23.500 --> 00:17:28.600 most important, is that we can treat images as any other type of discourse. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:17:28.600 --> 00:17:35.200 So we can analyze images with the same techniques that we use with other type of documents. So that 00:17:35.200 --> 00:17:43.500 was the content of today readings. Now, I will briefly introduce a couple of methods. So I will give 00:17:43.500 --> 00:17:51.500 you a couple of example. The first example is the method of photovoice. Which is very common when you 00:17:51.500 --> 00:17:58.699 do for instance community studies, and basically the idea is that you asked participants to take NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:17:58.699 --> 00:18:07.150 pictures of their everyday experience of the places where they live, of their daily routines and 00:18:07.150 --> 00:18:17.100 to explain the images to you. So this is very useful, for instance when you may want to 00:18:17.100 --> 00:18:24.400 study the experience of people with disabilities living in a neighborhood for instance. You can 00:18:24.400 --> 00:18:28.650 use the images to get the real, the first NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 74% (MEDIUM) 00:18:28.650 --> 00:18:38.300 person experience of your participants and example of how you give the task. So you ask the 00:18:38.300 --> 00:18:46.400 participant. You give a task which is just take photos or videos of the places that you consider 00:18:46.400 --> 00:18:56.700 meaningful, related to your research question. You can you ask them to spend some time, like a week 00:18:56.700 --> 00:18:58.650 with their mobile phones. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:18:58.650 --> 00:19:07.700 It's much easier today. You can ask; just take pictures or videos for one week. Then we 00:19:07.700 --> 00:19:20.000 meet again and you have to give a title and give an explanation to each picture. Then you build an 00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:26.700 interview, you make an interview about this pictures. So this is a very short example of 00:19:26.700 --> 00:19:28.700 technique. Again, if NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:19:28.700 --> 00:19:36.600 you remember the idea of the ternary structures. Here again, when you build the research design, you 00:19:36.600 --> 00:19:44.100 have an initial phase in which you meet the participant and build the task. Then you have the actual 00:19:44.100 --> 00:19:51.000 photo session and then you have the follow-up interview. So you meet the participants at least 00:19:51.000 --> 00:19:58.200 three times. As you may see very often the photovoice is used to give voice to the people of a 00:19:58.200 --> 00:19:58.699 community. NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 89% (HØY) 00:19:58.699 --> 00:20:04.200 So at the end they will exhibit or they will create a product with the images they have been 00:20:04.200 --> 00:20:11.300 collecting. Another technique, which is more if you want individual focus interview, is the video 00:20:11.300 --> 00:20:18.500 diary. Again, this is something that already exists. We have always, in social sciences we only been 00:20:18.500 --> 00:20:28.200 using diaries to study people everyday life. In this case, we use NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 87% (HØY) 00:20:28.200 --> 00:20:37.800 video diaries. So you take the first person perspective by asking the participant to take video 00:20:37.800 --> 00:20:45.800 record for example, the some specific moments of the day. It's been used for instance, to study 00:20:45.800 --> 00:20:55.200 children use of technologies or video games, or internet and it's very useful, for instance, when 00:20:55.200 --> 00:20:58.699 you work with children. Can be very, very useful. Consider NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 78% (HØY) 00:20:58.699 --> 00:21:04.900 that this kind of style is becoming everyday life for the children. Just think about Instagram and 00:21:04.900 --> 00:21:12.400 TikTok, which are basically forms of, can be basically considered forms of video diary. 00:21:12.400 --> 00:21:21.100 Practical example of the task of the video diary. So you ask the people, the participants, to collect 00:21:21.100 --> 00:21:28.600 regularly short diary entries maybe using a camera or a mobile phone during a NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 82% (HØY) 00:21:28.600 --> 00:21:39.700 period. And it is very important here to focus on the temporal dimension. So you may want, for 00:21:39.700 --> 00:21:46.600 instance, the participant to make a diary entry every time is doing a specific activity or every 00:21:46.600 --> 00:21:56.150 time at the same time of the day, depending on your research question. Then, once you have 00:21:56.150 --> 00:21:58.650 the data you can analyze the video diary NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 91% (HØY) 00:21:58.650 --> 00:22:05.700 as document, but also use the video diaries to trigger an interview with the participant. Again, you 00:22:05.700 --> 00:22:12.300 can see how to build the research design in a diary in a ternary structure. So you have the 00:22:12.300 --> 00:22:19.000 inital interviewed the initial encounter and the task. Then you have the diary session work and 00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:27.400 then you have the follow-up interview. So I think it's everything for today. I know it's a very 00:22:27.400 --> 00:22:28.500 dense NOTE Treffsikkerhet: 90% (HØY) 00:22:28.500 --> 00:22:34.800 topic this week, but I'm sure you will find it extremely interesting. And remember to post on 00:22:34.800 --> 00:22:37.200 the forum. Bye.