Respond to all three sections. Section 1 counts 60%, Section 2 counts 20%, Section 3 counts 20%
Section 1 (60%)
Respond to one (1) of the tasks below:
Either
Give a brief account of the development of military capabilities deployed in the Arctic during the last fifteen years, with an emphasis on Russia, the USA and Norway. To what extent does this development substantiate a claim that these states perceive the geopolitical status of the Arctic as changing from flank to front? Title: Geopolitical status
Or
Give a brief account of the Arctic Council, including its structure, decision-making procedures, and differentiation among categories of participants. Discuss whether geopolitical theories or institutionalist (governance) theories provide the most convincing explanation of why major Asian states such as China and Japan have sought observer status under this institution. Title: Asian states
Section 2 (20%)
Respond to two (2) of the tasks below:
- Explain the distinctions between undiscovered, discovered and recoverable petroleum resources. Why are these distinctions important when examining the geopolitical implications of the receding Arctic ice cover? Title: Petroleum resources
- Give an account of Underdal’s concept «co-evolution» as applied to states’ environmental policies, and of the two variants he considers especially important in international governance. Title: Co-evolution
- Give an account of the ILO Convention 169 and how it has influenced Norwegian Sami land rights. Title: Sami land rights
Section 3 (20%)
Fill in all the 10 blank spaces below; any author reference concerns a contribution to the course syllabus
- Ikenberry points to two main reasons why Russia and China are unlikely to become revisionist states - which reasons? xxx
- Name four out of the six Arctic Council working groups: xxx
- Hoel cites two main positions as regards what line to follow when delineating maritime boundaries between adjacent states - which positions? xxx
- According to Tamnes and Holtsmark, the Arctic Ocean has been referred to as a “sanctuary” or a “bastion” in Soviet and Russian strategic thinking on two main grounds - what grounds? xxx
- Stokke argues that “bifocalism” facilitates fisheries management in the Fisheries Protection Zone around Svalbard - what does this term refer to? xxx
- According to Åtland and Bruusgaard, three types of conditions can explain variation in the success of securitization attempts - which conditions? xxx
- Jensen and Skedsmo identify four “nodal points” (here, privileged themes) in Norwegian as well as Russian discourses on the Arctic - which nodal points? xxx
- What, according to Konyshev and Sergunin, are the three main goals of Russia’s present military policies in the Arctic? xxx
- What, according to Moe, was the main reason why Soviet authorities in the late 1980s changed their policy towards openness to foreign-vessel use of the Northern Sea Route? xxx
- Offerdal identifies an international trade issue as particularly difficult in the relationship between the EU and some Arctic coastal states - which issue? xxx